硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对土壤酶活性及桃幼树生长的影响

为探究硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对桃树生长的效应,以盆栽一年生瑞蟠21号毛桃(Amygdalus persica Linn.)为试验材料,设置3种不同施肥方式(T1:硅钙钾镁;T2:硅钙钾镁+黄腐酸钾;CK:空白对照),在桃幼树生长季进行追肥处理,研究硅钙钾镁肥及硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对土壤酶活性、土壤养分状况及桃幼树根系构型和植株生长的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,T1、T2均显著提高了桃幼树生长季各时期土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性,以及土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有效硅等含量,且配施黄腐酸钾后作用更明显。与CK相比,T1、T2细根比重分别提高了11.2%和26.2%,根系活力分别提高了12.2%和18.1%,根系总长度分别增加了28.1%和61.9%,且有效延缓了根系衰老;T1、T2植株总干重分别提高了1.2倍和2.0倍,根冠比分别提高了9.4%和17.0%,且差异显著。与CK相比,T1、T2各器官中全氮、全磷、全钾含量均显著增加,地上部硅含量分别提高了61.3%和91.9%,地下部硅含量分别提高了62.3%和102.5%,且差异显著。同时,T1、T2桃幼树叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率均显著提高。综上所述,硅钙钾镁肥可有效提高土壤酶活,促进桃幼树细根的生长,延缓根系衰老进程,增加氮、磷、钾、硅等营养元素积累量,提高叶片光合速率,促进植株生长;硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾后,提高了土壤有效硅及植株硅含量,比单施硅钙钾镁肥效果更加显著。本研究结果为桃树合理施用硅钙钾镁肥提供了理论依据。     

控释氮肥对玉米秸秆腐解及潮土有机碳组分的影响

施肥影响秸秆还田效果,研究不同形态氮肥对秸秆腐解及土壤有机碳组分的影响可为秸秆还田下氮肥合理施用提供科学依据。以10年小麦-玉米轮作定位施肥试验为基础,采用尼龙网袋田间填埋法,研究了控释掺混尿素和普通尿素不同用量(纯氮120,240,360 kg/hm~2)对潮土中玉米秸秆腐解及土壤有机碳组分的影响。结果表明:与普通尿素相比,控释掺混尿素具有促进秸秆腐解的趋势;在秸秆腐解后期,控释掺混尿素处理较普通尿素显著促进了秸秆氮、磷的释放,而不同氮肥处理对秸秆中钾素的释放影响并不显著。在秸秆腐解后期,相同施氮量条件下,常规施氮量和增施氮量的控释掺混尿素处理较普通尿素显著增加土壤水溶性和热水溶性有机碳含量。在增加土壤微生物量碳、氮含量方面,在秸秆腐解的某些阶段控释掺混尿素处理的促进作用显著高于普通尿素处理。综合来看,与普通尿素相比,控释掺混尿素在秸秆腐解和增加土壤有机碳组分方面具有较好的促进作用。     

炭肥比和膨润土粘结剂对炭基肥颗粒理化及缓释特性的影响

为探究炭肥比和膨润土粘结剂对生物炭基肥理化及缓释特性的影响,以生物炭为基底,分别制备了炭肥比1:4,膨润土粘结剂质量分数为20%、15%、10%、5%和粘结剂质量分数10%,炭肥比为1:6、1:5、1:4、1:3的柱状尿素和氯化钾生物炭基肥颗粒,分析了生物炭基肥颗粒的理化及缓释特性。结果表明,在炭肥比为1:4条件下,膨润土粘结剂质量分数越高,生物炭基肥微观结构越紧密,力学和缓释特性越好,质量分数为20%时,氯化钾和尿素生物炭基肥平均抗压强度分别为286.78和281.27 N,前3天养分淋出率分别为45.53%和36.87%。在膨润土粘结剂质量分数为10%条件下,炭肥比越高,生物炭基肥缓释性能越好,炭肥比为1:3时,氯化钾和尿素生物炭基肥前3天养分淋出率分别为42.06%和40.32%。同时,氯化钾生物炭基肥表面孔隙先增后减,炭肥比为1:6和1:3的平均抗压强度分别为271.25和282.42 N。尿素生物炭基肥内部结构中孔隙变多,炭肥比为1:6时,平均抗压强度为最大值267.84 N。综合考虑,满足中等肥料浓度要求时,膨润土粘结剂质量分数为20%、炭肥比为1:4或膨润土粘结剂质量分数为10%、炭肥比为1:3的生物炭基肥成型配方较优。     

不同制剂处理对水稻秧苗素质的影响

盆栽试验结果显示,用漯效王1 000、1 200、1 500、2 000倍液浸种甬优12(籼粳杂交稻)和中浙优1号(籼型杂交稻)种子,2个水稻品种的种子发芽率、根长、胚芽长均与清水对照无明显差异。在不施化肥的情况下用漯效王喷施叶面,2个品种的株高、根长、地上部鲜质量、地下部鲜质量、叶绿素相对含量与清水对照也无明显差异。在对处理组施尿素后用漯效王喷施叶面,而对清水、普绿通、可杀得叁仟处理组只施尿素的情况下,漯效王处理的水稻株高、地上部鲜质量、地下部鲜质量、叶绿素相对含量明显优于清水对照、普绿通、可杀得叁仟处理。叶面喷施后14d,漯效王处理组各指标依旧优于对照组。综合试验结果表明,漯效王在与尿素配合施用的情况下能够达到促进肥效、抗虫、促进根部和植株生长、促进分蘖的作用,并且药效持久性好。     

调理剂及农艺措施对污染稻田中水稻吸收镉的影响

【目的】探究水分管理、调理剂措施和组合措施对污染稻田稻米降Cd效果,旨在探索出不显著降低水稻产量前提下,能更高效降低土壤Cd生物有效性和稻米中Cd含量的方法。【方法】在湖南省株洲市选择中度Cd污染稻田开展田间小区水稻试验。试验中水稻种植两季,早稻品种为中嘉早17,晚稻为泰优390。试验分为6组,分别为水分管理（T2）处理、施用硅肥（T3）处理、施用竹炭处理（T4）、施用硅肥结合水分管理（T5）处理、施用竹炭结合水分管理（T6）处理和1个试验对照（T1）,重复3次。【结果】试验各处理对稻田土壤有效态Cd含量均有降低,竹炭结合水分管理（T6）处理对两季水稻土壤均有显著降低,硅肥结合水分管理（T5）处理对晚稻土壤有效态Cd降低幅度最大。试验各处理对水稻各部位Cd含量均有降低效果,在糙米Cd含量方面,5个试验处理中对糙米Cd含量降低幅度以组合措施修复技术效果最好,即硅肥结合水分管理（T5）和竹炭结合水分管理（T6）处理。在水分管理修复技术(T2)中降Cd效果最高为29.23%;在施用调理剂修复技术中,硅肥处理（T3）和竹炭处理（T4）对稻壳和糙米中Cd含量均有显著降低（P＜0.05）作用,其中硅肥处理（T3）糙米最高降Cd幅度为49.23%,竹炭处理（T4）糙米最高降Cd幅度为47.69%;在组合措施中均能显著降低水稻糙米Cd含量,其中硅肥结合水分管理（T5）处理糙米降Cd幅度为60.34%—78.46%,竹炭结合水分管理（T6）糙米降Cd幅度为56.90%—67.69%。同时,本文对土壤有效态Cd含量与水稻各部位Cd含量相关性进行分析,发现水稻籽粒（稻壳与糙米）中Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd含量存在极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,且两个水稻品种规律一致。各处理对水稻各部位富集系数亦有降低效果,以硅肥结合水分管理（T5）处理和竹炭结合水分管理（T6）效果最好。对于水稻各部位向籽粒转运系数降低效果各部位规律不一致,但茎鞘和叶片两个部位向籽粒（稻壳和糙米）转运系数均显著降低,水分管理（T2）处理除外。在水稻产量方面,仅水分管理（T2）处理对中嘉早17有显著降低,其他处理降低幅度不显著,各处理对泰优390处理没有显著影响。【结论】组合措施优于单一水分管理或单一调理剂处理,且在水稻产量没有显著降低情况下对稻米Cd污染稻田稻米降Cd幅度最高达到78.46%,可以进一步确保Cd污染农田安全利用。     

硝基双效肥对水稻产量、生产效益及节肥效果的影响

通过田间试验,研究了新型硝基双效肥对水稻产量、效益和节肥情况的影响。结果表明,在等养分条件下,硝基双效肥相比常规施肥处理增产0.38%,但与农民习惯施肥处理相比减产2.06%。方差分析结果表明,各处理产量差异均未达到显著水平。施用硝基双效肥处理与农民习惯施肥处理和常规肥料处理效益基本相当,但减肥效果比较明显,小区试验减少率为17.2%,示范对比减少率为24.3%。     

我国蔬菜肥料利用率现状与提高对策

我国露地蔬菜种植和设施蔬菜种植养分用量均超过蔬菜生长所需,导致土壤次生盐渍化、肥料利用率低,增加了面源污染风险,在分析这些现状的基础上,对造成蔬菜种植中氮、磷、钾肥料利用率低下的原因进行了分析,如有机肥与化肥施用配比随意性强,搭配不合理;氮、磷、钾肥配施比例不合理;大量元素与中微量元素配合施用不合理;肥料总施用量过大;土壤自身的原因等。并提出了提高肥料利用率的测土与科学配方施肥、有机肥与无机肥合理配合施用、采用水肥一体化技术和土壤调理剂等措施,有望提高我国蔬菜肥料利用率,节约资源,防止面源污染,实现蔬菜生产的可持续绿色发展。     

Variations of SOC and MBC observed in an incubated brown loam soil managed under different tillage systems for 12 years

To assess changes in organic carbon pools, an incubation experiment was conducted under different temperatures and field moisture capacity (FMC) on a brown loam soil from three tillage practices used for 12 years: no‐till (NT), subsoiling (ST) and conventional tillage (CT). Total microbial respiration was measured for incubated soil with and without the input of straw. Results indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) under ST, NT and CT was higher in soil with straw input than that without, while the microbial quotient (MQ or MBC: SOC) and metabolic quotient (qCO₂) content under CT followed the opposite trend. Lower temperature, lower moisture and with straw input contributed to the increases in SOC concentration, especially under NT and ST systems. The SOC concentrations under ST, with temperatures of 30 and 35°C after incubation at 55% FMC, were greater than those under CT by 28.4% and 30.6%, respectively. The increase in MBC was highest at 35°C for 55%, 65% and 75% FMC; in soil under ST, MBC was greater than that under CT by 199.3%, 50.7% and 23.8%, respectively. At 30°C, the lower qCO₂ was obtained in soil incubated under NT and ST. The highest MQ among three tillage practices was measured under ST at 55% FMC, NT at 65% FMC and CT at 75% FMC with straw input. These data indicate the benefits of enhancing the MQ; the low FMC was beneficial to ST treatment. Under higher temperature and drought stress conditions, the adaptive capacity of ST and NT is better than that of CT.     

Nitrogen fertilization affects yields and storage compound contents in seeds of field-grown soybeans cv Enrei (Glycine max. L) and its super-nodulating mutant En-b0-1 through changing N2 fixation activity of the plants

ABSTRACT

We compared the protein and oil contents, seed yields, and natural abundance of ¹⁵N (σ¹⁵N) of seeds from the plants of the cultivar Enrei, which has moderate nodulating ability (Enrei) with those of its two near-isogenic lines (NILs), a super-nodulating genotype of Enrei, i.e., En-b0-1, and a non-nodulating genotype of Enrei, i.e., En1282. Plants of these three genotypes were grown on four types of field plots with different types of urea coated slow-release nitrogen (N) fertilizers (CUSLNFs) which delivered N in different manners during plant growth . The seed yield of the En1282 plants was similar to that of the Enrei plants but much greater than that of the En-b0-1 plants when the plants were grown on the field to which a CUSLNF with a long lifespan was applied. The amounts of protein per seed were positively correlated with those of oil per seed in the case of En1282 plants irrespective of the field N conditions. The seed protein contents were proportional to the seed weight in both En1282 and Enrei plants. Such a relationship was not observed in the En-b0-1 plants, and the protein and oil contents in the seeds of En-b0-1 plants were negatively correlated with each other. These observations suggested that the N supply to maturing seeds was a key to the protein contents in the En1282 and Enrei plants and that the C supply to maturing seeds was a key to the protein contents in the En-b0-1 plants. The comparison of the σ¹⁵N values, protein contents, and seed yields of seeds from En1282 plants suggested that the Enrei plants assimilated considerable amounts of N from the soil during the late plant growth. We concluded that high N₂ fixation activity depressed the amounts of oil per seed and changed the protein and oil contents in soybean seeds.