我国蔬菜肥料利用率现状与提高对策

我国露地蔬菜种植和设施蔬菜种植养分用量均超过蔬菜生长所需,导致土壤次生盐渍化、肥料利用率低,增加了面源污染风险,在分析这些现状的基础上,对造成蔬菜种植中氮、磷、钾肥料利用率低下的原因进行了分析,如有机肥与化肥施用配比随意性强,搭配不合理;氮、磷、钾肥配施比例不合理;大量元素与中微量元素配合施用不合理;肥料总施用量过大;土壤自身的原因等。并提出了提高肥料利用率的测土与科学配方施肥、有机肥与无机肥合理配合施用、采用水肥一体化技术和土壤调理剂等措施,有望提高我国蔬菜肥料利用率,节约资源,防止面源污染,实现蔬菜生产的可持续绿色发展。

Current Situation and Improvement Countermeasures of Fertilizer Utilization Rate in Vegetables of China

The amount of nutrients used in open field vegetable planting and protected vegetable planting in China exceeded the requirement of vegetable growth, which leaded to secondary salinization of soil, low fertilizer utilization rate and increases the risk of non-point source pollution. Based on the analysis of the above current situation, the reasons for the low utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in vegetable planting were analyzed, such as random and unreasonable ratio of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, unreasonable proportion of N, P and K fertilizer, unreasonable using large amount of elements in combination with medium and trace elements, too large total amount of fertilizer, soil itself and so on. In order to improve the utilization rate of fertilizer, some measures were put forward, such as soil testing and scientific formula fertilization, reasonable combination of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, integrated technology of water and fertilizer and soil conditioner. It was expected to improve the utilization rate of fertilizer, save resources, prevent non-point source pollution and realized the sustainable green development of vegetable production.