不同施肥措施对灰枣园土壤速效养分含量的影响

为了探讨灰枣生长期内不同施肥处理措施对枣园土壤速效养分含量的影响情况,于2014年3月采用不施肥、常规施肥和施用不同种类生物肥共3大类9种处理进行田间试验,并于同年7~10月在灰枣不同生长期测定了各处理区域土壤中的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质这4种养分的含量,研究了不同施肥处理下灰枣不同成熟期土壤各养分的动态变化情况。结果表明,不同处理、不同成熟期土壤各养分含量间均有差异,施用生物肥可以显著提高土壤中各养分的含量。     

中国古典园林与戏曲舞台空间布景的共通性

优秀的传统文化是一个民族劳动人民智慧的结晶。随着全球经济一体化的发展，中国传统文化受到西方文化的猛烈冲击，因此以中国古典园林和戏曲艺术的研究为代表的优秀传统文化的研究对中国现代文化发展有着深远意义。笔者通过查阅国内现有的关于古典园林和戏曲舞台空间布景的研究，发现该领域的研究并不丰富。通过对二者空间布局的层次、置陈布势的常用手法和艺术性进行共通性研究，希望对古典园林和戏曲保护提供参考和指导。     

涝渍对Bt棉棉蕾杀虫蛋白表达含量及氮代谢影响

以Bt棉常规种泗抗1号和杂交种泗抗3号为材料,于盛蕾期设计不同程度涝渍(土壤持水量为最大持水量的90%、100%,渍水2 cm)胁迫4 d以及土壤持水量为最大持水量90%逆境下持续胁迫24~120 h的试验,探讨棉蕾中Bt杀虫蛋白表达量变化及相关氮代谢生理机制。结果表明,土壤不同涝渍程度影响棉蕾Bt蛋白含量。土壤持水量为最大持水量的90%、100%和渍水2 cm处理胁迫后,常规种泗抗1号棉蕾中Bt蛋白含量分别下降36.5%、42.1%和51.4%,杂交种泗抗3号分别下降19.2%、57.2%和64.5%。90%的土壤持水量持续胁迫96 h使棉蕾Bt蛋白含量开始显著下降,泗抗1号和泗抗3号分别下降20.8%和17.6%。随着胁迫时间延长下降幅度增大。不同涝渍程度或水渍持续胁迫条件下,棉蕾中可溶性蛋白含量,硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶(GOT)、谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶(GPT)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性下降,游离性氨基酸含量,肽酶、蛋白酶活性增加。说明涝渍逆境下,棉蕾中蛋白质合成能力下降、分解能力增强,引起可溶性蛋白包括Bt杀虫蛋白含量下降,导致棉蕾抗虫性下降。     

烘烤凋萎期失水速度对烟叶质量的影响

凋萎期失水速度在烟叶质量的形成过程中具有重要作用,是影响烟叶质量的关键指标。为了优化烘烤工艺,寻找最佳的凋萎期失水速度,以秦烟96为试验材料,2014~2015年在甘肃陇南地区应用变频技术通过风量调节研究了烘烤凋萎期7组失水速度对烟叶质量的影响。试验结果表明,凋萎期失水速度控制在5~7 g∕(kg·h)之间,不但可以让未变黄的烟叶继续变黄,消除青烟,让已变黄的烟叶适度失水,同时降低了变黄后烟叶的水分含量,为烟叶定色创造了条件,有利于防止棕色化反应的发生。     

苗期甘蔗氮高效基因型评价指标的筛选

本研究通过低氮压力选择,筛选出甘蔗氮高效种质,分析影响甘蔗氮高效的重要指标,为甘蔗氮高效育种及栽培提供理论依据。以58份甘蔗种质资源为材料,在苗期采用正常供氮（2 mmol/L N）和低氮（0.2 mmol/L N）处理,分析甘蔗植株形态、干重及氮素在各器官中累积分配的特征。通过主成分分析方法筛选影响甘蔗氮高效利用的重要指标,通过聚类分析对58份种质进行聚类。结果表明,低氮（0.2 mmol/L N）处理可以明显从植物形态区分不同种质的氮利用差异,58份种质低氮条件下的干重范围为0.64~14.75 g/株,氮累积量为5.53~63.00 mg/株,氮利用率范围为115.40~279.30 g/g。对低氮压力下甘蔗干重及氮累积等25个指标进行主成分分析后,提取出4个主要成分,总贡献率为92.35%。通过高、低氮条件下与氮利用效率有关的氮转移系数及基因潜力等19个指标分析后提取出5个主成分,总贡献率为82.21%。影响甘蔗氮高效的重要指标有甘蔗的干重（全株、叶、根）、氮累积量（全株、叶、茎）、氮利用率（全株、叶）、叶的相对氮利用率、茎的基因潜力、茎的相对干物质量和茎的相对氮累积量。经聚类分析后初步将58份甘蔗种质分为氮高效基因型、偏氮高效基因型、偏氮低效基因型和氮低效基因型。     

Mass balanced based LCA of a common carp-lettuce aquaponics system

An aquaponics system (AS) is an integrated system that combines a recirculating aquaculture system and a hydroponics system (HS). It is designed to recover nutrients released from fish and transfer them to plants to provide a system more environmentally-friendly than the two systems working separately. As a result, several AS are under development, but little information is available about their overall performances. The aim of this study was to assess nutrient-use efficiency and environmental impacts of an AS, specifically a common carp-lettuce AS located in a greenhouse. Nutrient budgets of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were calculated and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed for the AS and for a lettuce Individual Hydroponics System (IHS), similar to the HS of the AS, operating in the greenhouse at the same time. The experiment was performed over a 52-day cycle, which corresponds to the growing time required to harvest marketable lettuce. The nutrient budgets were well balanced, with 24.6% of the N unaccounted-for, most likely due to N2 gas emission, and 6.6% of the P unaccounted-for, most likely due to having underestimated the quantity of sediment. At the beginning of the experiment, N represented 55.9%, 37.1% and 0.1% of the total N input in the formulated feed, stocked fish and lettuce seedlings, respectively. At the end of the experiment, N represented 47.6% and 0.4% of the total N input in the harvested fish and lettuce, respectively. At the beginning of the experiment, P represented 56.94%, 40.20% and 0.03% of the total P input in the formulated feed, stocked fish and lettuce seedlings, respectively. At the end of the experiment, P represented 51.52% and 0.42% of the total P input in the harvested fish and lettuce, respectively. LCA clearly indicated two environmental impact hotspots: the origin of nutrients and energy use. One kg of lettuce growth in the AS clearly had lower environmental impacts than that in the IHS for climate change, acidification, eutrophication, land competition and cumulative energy demand; however, a decrease in water dependence was not observed. The indicator for net primary production use highlighted the dependence of the AS on natural resources, especially fish meal and fish oil. Compared to the use of chemical nutrients in the IHS, the use of nutrients from formulated feed in the AS decreased climate change impact but increased the use of natural resources.     

不同施氮量对冬小麦产量、效益及土壤理化性状的影响

为探明豫北地区高肥力地块不同施氮量对冬小麦产量、经济效益及土壤理化性状的影响,在安阳市北关区壤质潮土上开展了冬小麦不同施氮量试验,设常规施磷钾肥（W1,CK）、常规施肥减施氮肥30%（W2）、常规施肥减施氮肥15%（W3）、常规施肥减施氮肥5%（W4）、常规施肥（W5）和常规施肥增施氮肥5%（W6）6个处理。结果表明,随着氮肥施用量的减少冬小麦主茎叶龄、次生根数、茎蘖数、株高及穗长等农艺性状呈下降趋势,以W6处理最佳。冬小麦产量随着施氮量的增加呈上升趋势,W4、W5、W6处理与W1处理相比增幅分别达48.7%、48.9%、49.1%,W4、W5、W6处理间差异不显著;但与W2、W3处理间差异达到显著水平。不同施氮量处理经济效益较W1处理均有不同程度增加,W4较W1处理净增效益5 869.80元/hm ²,较W5处理净增效益24.45元/hm ²。不同施氮量处理对土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、缓效钾含量和土壤容重有显著影响,但对pH影响不显著。土壤全氮含量随施氮量的增加呈上升趋势;W4处理土壤容重最低。综合分析,以常规施肥减施氮肥5%处理效果最佳。     

5个竹种林下土壤营养元素含量比较

[目的]比较不同竹种林下土壤的营养元素含量。[方法]在福建农林大学百竹园内选取大明竹、牡竹、角竹、花巨竹和大木竹5个竹种,分别于春、夏、秋、冬4个季节对其林下土壤进行"S"型多点采样,对其氮、磷、钾含量进行测定。[结果]大明竹、牡竹、角竹、花巨竹和大木竹5个竹种林下土壤的营养元素含量皆较高,但各竹种之间的营养元素含量有显著差异,且各竹种在不同季节的营养元素含量也有明显差异。其中大明竹林下土壤的营养元素含量最高,且最为稳定,牡竹相对较差。[结论]在福建地区,大明竹对营养元素的产生及维系稳定具有良好的能力,可成为该地区城市观赏用竹及发展林下经济的优良竹种。     

Response of the soil fungal community to multi-factor environmental changes in a temperate forest

Both environmental and climatic changes are known to influence soil microbial biomes in terrestrial ecosystems. However, there are limited data defining the interactive effects of multi-factor environmental disturbances, including N-deposition, precipitation, and air temperature, on soil fungal communities in temperate forests. A 3-year outdoor pot experiment was conducted to examine the temporal shifts of soil fungal communities in a temperate forest following N-addition, precipitation and air temperature changes. The shifts in the structure and composition of soil fungal communities were characterized by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. N-addition regimen induced significant alterations in the composition of soil fungal communities, and this effect was different at both higher and lower altitudes. The response of the soil fungal community to N-addition was much stronger in precipitation-reduced soils compared to soils experiencing enhanced precipitation. The combined treatment of N-addition and reduced precipitation caused more pronounced changes in the lower altitude versus those in the higher one. Certain fungal species in the subphylum Pezizomycotina and Saccharomycotina distinctively responded to N fertilization and soil water control at both altitudes. Redundancy discrimination analysis showed that changes in environmental factors and soil physicochemical properties explained 43.7% of the total variability in the soil fungal community at this forest ecosystem. Variations in the soil fungal community were significantly related to the altitude, soil temperature, total soil N content (TN) and pH value (P < 0.05). We present evidence for the interactive effects of N-addition, water manipulation and air temperature to reshape soil fungal communities in the temperate forest. Our data could provide new insights into predicting the response of soil micro-ecosystem to climatic changes.     

Nitrogen use efficiency of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) as influenced by wheat–cotton cropping systems

Wheat–cotton rotations largely increase crop yield and improve resources use efficiency, such as the radiation use efficiency. However, little information is available on the nitrogen (N) utilization and requirement of cotton under wheat–cotton rotations. This study was to determine the N uptake and use efficiency by evaluating the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) N use and the soil N balances, which will help to improve N resource management in wheat–cotton rotations. Field experiments were conducted during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 growing seasons in the Yangtze River region in China. Two cotton cultivars (Siza 3, mid-late maturity with 130 days growth duration; CCRI 50, early maturity with 110 days growth duration) were planted under four cropping systems including monoculture cotton (MC), wheat/intercropped cotton (W/IC), wheat/transplanted cotton (W/TC) and wheat/direct-seeded cotton (W/DC). The N uptake and use efficiency of cotton were quantified under different cropping systems. The results showed that wheat–cotton rotations decreased the cotton N uptake through reducing the N accumulation rate and shortening the duration of fast N accumulation phase as compared to the monoculture cotton. Compared with MC, the N uptake of IC, TC and DC were decreased by 12.0%, 20.5% and 23.4% for Siza 3, respectively, and 7.3%, 10.7% and 17.6% for CCRI 50, respectively. Wheat–cotton rotations had a lower N harvest index as a consequence of the weaker sink capacity in the cotton plant caused by the delayed fruiting and boll formation. Wheat–cotton rotations used N inefficiently relative to the monoculture cotton, showing consistently lower level of the N agronomic use efficiency (NAE), N apparent recovery efficiency (NRE), N physiological efficiency (NPE) and N partial factor productivity (NPFP), particularly for DC. Relative to the mid–late maturity cultivar of Siza 3, the early maturity cultivar of CCRI 50 had higher N use efficiency in wheat–cotton rotations. An analysis of the crop N balance suggested that the high N excess in preceding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in wheat–cotton rotations led to significantly higher N surpluses than the monoculture cotton. The N management for the cotton in wheat–cotton rotations should be improved by means of reducing the base fertilizer input and increasing the bloom application.