1960—2013年甘肃省气温、降水变化特征分析

为了研究近54年来甘肃省气候变化特征,根据甘肃境内28个气象站1960—2013年温度、降水数据,利用气候趋势分析、气候突变分析及Morlet小波分析等,分析甘肃省近54年来气温、降水变化特征。结果表明:(1)近54年来甘肃省的年均温总体呈上升趋势,年均降水量的总体上呈微弱增加趋势。(2)甘肃省中部地区处于暖湿化过程,而南部地区处于暖干化过程,北部地区仍然处于干旱化。(3)年均温在1994年前后出现明显的突变点,年均降水量正反序列曲线均未超过95%置信度线,但正反序列曲线在置信度区间内存在1个交叉点,出现在1993—1994年之间,有可能在1993—1994年发生突变;(4)Morlet小波分析显示,甘肃省年均温存在8年左右的显著变化周期,年均降水量的周期性较差。     

水稻细菌性条斑病菌REC结构域蛋白基因vemRXoc的功能鉴定

水稻细菌性条斑病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola,Xoc）是水稻的主要病原细菌之一,该菌引起的水稻细菌性条斑病可导致水稻减产、品质下降。Xoc GX01菌株基因组中含有一个与十字花科黑腐病菌（Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc）的致病相关基因vemR一致性高达95.27%的同源基因XOC2152,其编码蛋白中含有磷酸信号识别受体REC结构域。为了研究XOC2152基因在Xoc中的生物学功能,本研究通过基于自杀质粒pK18mob同源整合方法,构建了XOC2152的非极性突变体NK2152。该突变体的胞外多糖产量仅为野生菌株的27.33%,平板游动半径为野生菌株的40.96%,对铜离子耐受能力极显著降低。针刺接种水稻（日本晴品种）10d后,Xoc GX01处理的病斑平均长度为（3.86±1.19）cm,而突变体NK2152处理的病斑长度为（0.98±0.45）cm。带有该基因片段的pLAFR3可以互补突变体的表型和致病力变化。上述结果表明XOC2152基因具有与Xcc的vemR类似的功能,被命名为vemRXoc基因。本研究表明XOC2152基因（vemRXoc基因）与水稻细菌性条斑病菌的致病力、胞外多糖产量、运动能力以及对铜离子的耐性等相关。     

Conservation consequences of Chernobyl and other nuclear accidents

The explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on 26 April 1986 released vast amounts of radioactive material over an area of 200,000 km² in eastern and central Europe, affecting all living organisms. The biological impacts including the conservation consequences of this event are still poorly known even 25 years after the disaster. Here we assess the effects of this environmental disaster for conservation by focusing on two connected questions addressing the short-term ecological and the long-term evolutionary consequences: First, we pose the question of whether rare species are more impacted by radiation than common species? Second, what are the conservation consequences of elevated mutation rates due to the mutagenic effects of radionuclides from Chernobyl? Furthermore, we assess the extent to which ecological and evolutionary aspects interact. We censused breeding birds across 731 census points in Ukraine and Belarus during 3 years to assess the relationship between abundance of different species and radiation. Most bird species avoided contaminated sites and individuals were concentrated in relatively uncontaminated sites. While common species were recorded at a wide range of radiation levels, rare species were restricted to the least contaminated sites and to sites with a high biodiversity. Thus, rare species were disproportionately impacted by the accident. Mutation rates of plants and animals have increased by up to a factor 20 due to release of radionuclides from Chernobyl. Given that each slightly deleterious mutation is expected to result in a selective genetic death, and that an average fruitfly under normal conditions may carry as many as 80 mutations, the number of mutations in animals and plants around Chernobyl and hence the number of selective deaths is bound to be much higher. There is empirical evidence for highly elevated mortality rates and dramatically increased rates of reproductive failure in contaminated areas, consistent with the expected high frequency of selective deaths due to mutations. The average slightly deleterious mutation is present for 33–167 generations in Drosophila, so if these estimates are qualitatively similar in other organisms, we can expect that mutants will disperse outside contaminated areas resulting in the spread of mutations well beyond the reach of contamination with radionuclides. Therefore, it should be possible to document the gradual spread of mutations from Chernobyl. We consider that the Chernobyl disaster and other nuclear releases may have significant consequences for population size and population viability of many species due to the large number of selective deaths. These effects remain to be investigated. Finally, comparative analyses of birds revealed that species with high mitochondrial DNA substitution rates had short dispersal distances, suggesting that mutations will spread relatively short distances when they are common, but will spread longer distances in species when they are rare.     

家蚕细长蚕（Lan）的染色体研究

以家蚕突变系统中的细长蚕（Ｌａｎ）卵巢为材料，采用改良今井涂片法制片，Ｇｉｅｍｓａ染色，光学显微镜下观察粗线期染色体，并进行了组型分析。结果表明，细长蚕第１号染色体上有缺失环或瘤状突起，推断其为Ｌａｎ基因的位点。     

家蚕新突变型h斑油基因的连锁定位研究

新近自保存系统中发现的油蚕突变———h斑油 (mottledtranslucentoh)的性状特征为 :幼虫体表遍布不透明的白色斑块 ,大小不一 ,其余部分为低度透明。通过与正常型和各连锁群标志基因系杂交 ,进行遗传分析和连锁检索 ,结果 :h斑油为第 2 0连锁群的隐性突变 ;与霜降油蚕 (oh)的杂交结果确定其基因座位为 (2 0 0 .0 ) ,对霜降油为显性。命名其基因符号为ohm。同时发现ohm 对中国油 (oc)表现上位作用。     

园艺植物化学诱变与抗性突变体筛选研究进展

从诱变材料和化学诱变剂的选择,诱变处理的方式、浓度和时间以及突变体的抗病、抗盐碱的定向筛选等方面总结了近年来园艺植物化学诱变与突变体筛选的研究进展,并对化学诱变技术的应用研究进行了展望。     

甘蓝型油菜EMS突变体库构建及抗除草剂突变体筛选

为了利用诱变技术快速创造变异类型丰富的油菜新材料用于油菜遗传改良,分别用0.4%、0.8%、1.0%和1.2%的EMS（甲基磺酸乙酯）溶液对甘蓝型油菜中双9号种子进行诱变处理。结果发现：（1）1.0%的EMS溶液是处理中双9号干种子的最适浓度,4种不同浓度处理M2代表型变异率依次为11.26%、14.82%、27.19%和12.38%;（2）EMS诱变具有器官特异性;（3）M2代突变体库中筛选到3株苯磺隆抗性突变体,突变率约为10-4。现已创建了包括子叶、叶片、花器、株型、角果等多器官变异类型的突变体库,为油菜遗传研究提供了丰富的种质资源。      

提高红曲霉色素产量的研究

以筛选出的红曲霉菌株作为初发菌株,研究紫外线诱变育种对其产色素水平的影响.结果表明:用紫外线对红曲霉进行诱变处理使其产色素水平提高55.12%,较大的提高了其产色素能力.     

酸枣(Zizyphus jujuba Mill)组织培养结合60Co-γ射线辐照诱发突变株

建立了酸枣离体组织培养结合^60Co-γ射线辐照获得突变株的技术。（1)酸枣叶片外植体在含有ZEA 1mg/L,2,4-D0.5mg/L和NAA0.5mg/L的MS培养基上诱导愈伤组织：经^60Co-γ射线辐照后在含有ZEA1mg/L和NAA0.5mg/L的MS培养基上诱导幼苗；（2）试管苗用20-30Gy^60Co-γ射线辐照后，在BAP2mg/L和IBA0.4mg/L的MS培养基上进行不定苗繁殖。（3）不定苗在含有IBA1mg/L和IAA0.4mg/L的MS培养基上生根。此外，用200-450Gy^60Co-γ射线辐照种仁，也能获得突变株。     

小麦显性矮秆基因复等位多态特性研究

 世界小麦矮化育种主要使用隐性矮源。在普通小麦中发现的显性矮源均因导致植株极度矮化（20~55　cm）而未能在小麦育种中广泛应用。笔者发现,将显性矮源矮变1号（4DS携带Rht10,25~30 cm）及矮苏3（4BS携带Rht3,55 cm）的原种大群体种植或施以诱变因子并将其与中、高秆的小麦品种杂交、回交,从其分离世代的大群体中,均可选择到一些株高呈不同程度提升的稳定的突变株系。采用近等基因系法对不同株高突变衍生系的研究表明：其提升的株高真实遗传,各自均携带一个不同株高的半显性矮秆基因,随突变衍生系株高的提升,近等基因系的产量性状显著优化。采用标志基因测交法以及生理生化遗传标记对突变衍生系携带的不同株高的半显性矮秆基因重新进行了基因定位,确认它们分别与Rht10及Rht3的座位相同,因而均是其突变衍生的复等位基因。提出显性矮秆基因具有"复等位多态特性",即极度矮化的显性矮秆基因容易突变为一群株高提高程度不同的、可以达到小麦育种理想株高的半显性矮秆复等位基因。