摄食不同喹乙醇水平饲料的鲤鱼肠道菌群的变化

本文研究了饲料中不同水平喹乙醇对鲤鱼肠道菌群数量及组成的影响。设计6组不同喹乙醇含量的饲料(0、200、400、800、1600和3200mg/kg)，对鲤鱼进行84d的饲养试验。试验结束时，各组随机取2尾鱼，分别对其前、中、后肠的细菌数量和组成进行了分析。结果发现：与对照组相比，投喂喹乙醇的试验组鱼肠道菌群数均有不同程度的下降，其中1600、3200mg／kg组的下降最为明显。从1600mg／kg开始前肠菌群数明显下降，在400mg/kg时中肠菌群开始下降较为明显，后肠菌群数在各试验组均呈下降趋势。在对照组检出的7种主要菌群也是构成各个实验组鱼肠道中的主要菌群，但这7种菌群在各组中的组成比例不同，其中鲤鱼肠道菌届中Aer属、Aci届的组成比例变化较大，800mg/kg(11．06％)、1600mg/kg(11．735％)和3200mg／kg(7．40％)组中Aer所占比例明显低于对照组(26．255％)，而800mg／kg(37．502％)、1600mg/kg(36．52％)和3200mg／kg(41．357％)组中Aci所占比例明显高于对照组(13．213％)。饲料中添加不同水平的喹乙醇可明显影响鲤鱼肠道主要菌群的数量及组成比例。     

Health screening of free-ranging European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) on the German North-Sea island Pellworm

Background

A sudden decline of the European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) population in one of the best hunting districts for small game species in northern Germany, the German North-Sea island Pellworm, in the years 2007/08 following marked habitat changes led to the implementation of a thorough health assessment program of the population. 110 animals were collected during the normal hunting season in the years 2010 and 2011. A post-mortem examination and histopathological investigation was performed on all animals. Additionally, routine bacteriology of the small intestine and parasitology were carried out. Sera of hares were tested for European Brown Hare Syndrome (EBHS) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, and for Treponema sp. by indirect immunofluorescent test. Additional testing was performed when deemed necessary.

Results

The most striking result was a shift in the intestinal bacterial flora towards Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae with a predominance of either Escherichia coli, or Aeromonas sp., or a high-grade double-infection with these two pathogens with subsequent catarrhal enteritis. Additionally, a marked coccidiosis, and varying infestations with the nematode Trichostrongylus retortaeformis were found. The sero-prevalence for EBHS was 78.1%, and for Treponema 43.9%.

Conclusions

The shift and decrease in diversity of the intestinal flora was the main and most consistent result found. In the authors’ opinion the change of the habitat combined with other stressors increased the animals’ sensitivity to ubiquitous bacterial species and parasites which usually would not have such fatal effects.     

Effects of oxamyl and chlordane on the activities of nontarget soil organisms

Summary The effect of two pesticides, oxamyl and chlordane, on nontarget soil biota were examined in microcosms. Neither oxamyl nor chlordane had an effect on rates of litter decomposition or soil and litter respiration. There were differences in numbers of nematodes and protozoans and in biomass of bacteria and fungi in microcosms with and without chlordane on some sampling dates. One of the nematodes, Pelodera sp., died out in all of the microcosms within 30 days. Although the pesticide chlordane had no measurable effect on the activities of the soil biota as measured by respiration and mass loss, it did affect the population sizes and biomass of some grazers of soil biota.     

真空包装冷鲜鸭制品菌群分析

[目的]分析冷鲜鸭真空包装的菌群变化。[方法]真空包装冷鲜鸭不同部位制品,测定其耐藏性大小。[结果]结果表明,真空包装冷鲜鸭制品耐藏性大小依次为鸭腿、鸭脯、鸭颈、鸭肝、鸭肫、鸭掌、鸭翅,在4℃下保质期为6～24d。存放后期鸭肝、鸭腿、鸭颈、鸭掌和鸭翅中假单胞菌为优势菌,鸭肫部位肠杆菌与假单胞菌共同成为优势菌,鸭脯乳酸菌成为其优势菌。对真空包装制品来说,肠杆菌与假单胞菌性腐败较为迅速,而乳酸菌性腐败较为缓慢。鸭胸脯、腿比鸭肝、鸭肫较耐保藏,菌群不同决定了各部位易腐性的大小。[结论]该研究为构建冷鲜鸭综合保鲜技术提供依据。     

吉林省东部山区人参栽培基地土壤中微生物的生态分布

[目的]研究吉林省东部山区人参栽培基地土壤中微生物的生态分布。[方法]以吉林省东北山区的5个主要人参产区(抚松、长白、集安、靖宇、敦化)的林下土壤、老参地土壤和人参栽培地土壤为对象,研究不同利用形式下土壤微生物的分布。[结果]结果表明,与新林土相比,栽参土和老参地不同人参产地的微生物总数普遍降低,其中栽参土中细菌总数降低了48.6%~63.7%,老参地降低了57.1%~82.9%,差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。与新林土相比,栽参土和老参地放线菌的数量分别降低了60.0%~75.3%和42.1%~77.6%,差异达到显著水平(P<0.05),而真菌总数均有不同程度的增加,栽参土真菌总数是新林土的1.6~3.9倍,老参地是新林土的2.8~6.3倍。3类土壤微生物分布具有不同的季节性规律。[结论]为克服人参连作障碍,提高人参的产量和质量,实现人参生产的可持续发展提高了科学依据。     

新疆新扩地棉田微生物区系研究

[目的]明确新疆新扩田埂地棉花优质生长的原因,为棉花可持续生产提供理论依据。[方法]采用稀释平板法,研究新疆新扩田埂地和连作地土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌、自生固氮菌、无机磷细菌、钾细菌等微生物区系变化,探讨新扩田埂地棉花优质生长的原因。[结果]试验样地的pH值均在7.40左右,近中性,微偏碱,新扩地偏碱更甚;含水率均在19.0%左右,新扩地和连作地无明显差异。新扩地土壤中细菌、放线菌、自生固氮菌、无机磷细菌、钾细菌的总数均高于连作地,而真菌总数刚好相反,连作地具有更高的真菌总数。[结论]土壤微生物是导致棉花生长差异的重要因素。功能性细菌能够维持土壤微生态系统平衡,有利于棉花生长。     

河口水体中的菌群分析及其脱氮能力的研究

从天津渤海湾三个河口六个站位采集水样,用Zobell2216E培养基分离共得到92株异养细菌,其中G+52株,G-40株。对其形态和生理生化性状进行分析,初步研究结果表明,他们主要分属葡萄球菌、微球菌、不动杆菌、莫拉氏菌、芽孢杆菌、弧菌、产碱杆菌、肠杆菌、假单胞菌。选择假单胞菌属、葡萄球菌属、产碱杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属,研究其在含氮量较高的所采河口水样中(无机氮含量>0.3 mg/L)的脱氮能力,于0、3、6、9、12、15 h不同时间测定水样中的亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、氨氮含量。实验结果表明经过9 h的培养测定,水样中的无机氮含量明显降低,但9 h以后除假单胞菌的水样无机氮含量继续降低之外,其他三个菌种水样无机氮含量开始上升。确定四个菌种的最佳脱氮时间为9 h,且芽孢杆菌的脱氮能力最强。     

辣椒疫病病株与健株根区土壤微生态研究

对辣椒健株与病株根区土壤微生物区系特征及可培养微生物多样性进行比较,探索辣椒疫病发生的微生态机制。采用常规方法测定土壤养分,稀释涂平板法测定辣椒病、健株根区土细菌(B)、真菌(F)及放线菌(A)的数量,并对分离得到的细菌和放线菌进行16SrRNA序列分析,对真菌进行ITS序列分析,研究连作辣椒疫病病株与健株根区土微生态差异。结果显示,辣椒病株根区土中速效K、速效P、全N和有机质均高于健株;辣椒病株根区土中的微生物数量较健株发生较大变化,其中真菌数量增加388.9%。对从根区土中分离得到的可培养微生物进行分子鉴定,得到20株细菌,5株真菌和20株放线菌。16SrRNA序列分析表明,病株与健株根区土壤中共同存在的细菌只占总数的17.4%,放线菌占总数的16.7%,病株和健株根区土壤中优势细菌菌属和优势放线菌菌属都为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和链霉菌属(Streptomyces)。病株根区土壤分离得到致病真菌尖刀廉孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)和Plectosphaerella cucumerina。辣椒病株与健株根区土中微生物数量异常,种类变化是辣椒疫病发生的重要原因之一。     

中药材根际和非根际土壤酶和微生物特征

以恩施州4种中草药黄连、黄柏、丹皮和木通的根际与非根际土壤为对象,对其根际与非根际土壤pH、土壤养分、土壤微生物和土壤酶活性(转化酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、FDA水解酶)进行对比分析。结果表明:4种药材短期种植中土壤有机质、速效钾、碱解氮均呈现出明显的根际聚集效应。土壤微生物及酶也表现为根际活性较高,根际土壤转化酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、FDA水解酶活性分别较非根际土壤高出113.7%、33.9%、55.5%、472.0%。土壤养分与生物活性主成分分析组成的土壤肥力信息系统较好地表征了土壤肥力水平的差异,获得的综合得分,计算的土壤总体酶活性指标(TEI)与土壤理化性质达显著或极显著正相关。且4种中草药根际土壤肥力水平综合得分及TEI值均高于非根际土壤。主成分分析综合得分和TEI可以较好地表征该地区中草药根际和非根际土壤肥力水平。