江淮水牛遗传资源调查报告

2006年到2008年我们在调查安徽省地方黄牛、水牛资源中,发现了一个新的水牛类群江淮水牛,为役肉兼用型,体型中等偏大,性情温顺,可以放牧也可以舍饲,适应性和抗病力强,肉用性能较低,但肉质较好.成年公、母牛平均体高、体重分别为140.6 cm、137.2cm和550 kg、483 kg.肉用性能较低,公、母牛屠宰率分别...     

皇甫川流域51年降雨侵蚀力的时空变化

为了详尽研究皇甫川流域降雨侵蚀力变化规律,基于皇甫川流域及周边15个雨量站1954-2004年日降雨资料估算降雨侵蚀力R值,并借助Mann-Kendall非参数检验法和Kriging空间插值法对流域R值时空变化特征进行分析.结果表明：1）皇甫川流域降雨侵蚀力R值与总降雨量和侵蚀性降雨量的时空变化特征大体一致,自西北向东南逐渐增大,同时R值等值线自西北向东南逐渐稀疏;2）R值年内分布十分集中,7、8月R值之和占到全年的72.4％,5-9月R值占到全年的96％以上;3）15个站点的R值变化趋势不同,9个站点R值呈增大趋势,其中仅2个站点增大趋势显著,而其余6个站点的R值呈减小趋势,其中也仅有2个站点减小趋势显著,对整个流域而言,51年间流域降雨侵蚀力R值与降雨量和侵蚀性降雨量变化一致,呈现不显著的减小趋势.     

江淮部分地区麦田日本看麦娘对精噁唑禾草灵的抗性及其交互抗性

江淮地区是我国重要的小麦产区之一。为明确该地区麦田日本看麦娘对精噁唑禾草灵的抗性情况,采用整株水平生物测定法检测了该地区的10个种群对精噁唑禾草灵的抗性水平;扩增和比对了高抗种群（AH-40、JS-19）、中抗种群（AH-41、JS-20）与敏感种群（AH-7）的ACCase CT区域基因片段差异,并测定了GSTs、P450s酶抑制剂对精噁唑禾草灵的增效作用及4个抗性种群对8种除草剂的抗性。结果表明,高水平抗性种群数量占供试种群总数的50%,抗性指数为13.14~18.54;测序结果表明,高抗和中抗种群中均未发现已报道可引起靶标抗性的位点突变。AH-40种群在施用GSTs代谢酶抑制剂（灭草环、三聚氯氰、NBD-Cl）和P450s酶抑制剂（PBO、马拉硫磷）后均可显著提高其对精噁唑禾草灵的敏感性,增效倍数分别为1.68、1.68、2.45、1.64、2.03;JS-19种群在施用GSTs酶抑制剂（灭草环、三聚氯氰、NBD-Cl）后GR₅₀有所下降,增效倍数为1.71、1.94、1.71;供试酶抑制剂未对其他抗性种群产生明显增效作用。抗性检测结果显示,4个抗性种群均对炔草酯和甲基二磺隆高抗,AH-41、JS-19高抗高效氟吡甲禾灵,JS-20高抗烯禾啶,但均对唑啉草酯、啶磺草胺、氟唑磺隆和异丙隆敏感。     

Assessment of erosion in the Boyer River watershed (Canada) using a GIS oriented sampling strategy and Cs measurements

Starting in the 1980's, the Rainbow Smelt (Osmerus mordax) population of the Boyer River (Canada) gradually declined due to water eutrophication and excessive siltation in the spawning area. Sediments and agricultural nutrients reach hydrosystems through runoff and soil erosion. The objectives of the study were to quantify the soil and sediment loss from agricultural fields and to identify the areas at risk, using ¹³⁷Cs measurements. Using a Geographical Information Systems (GIS), the watershed was subdivided into 6 isosectors presenting specific soil/slope combinations. Representative fields from each isosector were sampled for ¹³⁷Cs. Using GIS, the data for individual fields were extrapolated to isosectors and the whole cultivated area of the watershed. Based on this approach, it was estimated that around 30% of the arable lands of the watershed show erosion rates higher than 6 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1, which is considered as a tolerable level for Canadian soils, and that 45% of the residual area presents an erosion rate close to that limit. The average sediment production at the edge of fields was estimated at 2.8 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1, for an annual production of more than 60 000 t of material. Loamy soils with a slope higher than 2% were estimated to generate the highest sediment rate (6.9 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1) and nearly 40% of the overall sediment production.     

朱溪流域水土流失治理序列芒萁叶片叶绿素的变化分析

芒萁是南方红壤区水土流失治理的先锋植物,但其叶片叶绿素含量的作用尚未明晰。以南方红壤区典型流域朱溪流域为研究区,选择4个不同水土流失治理年限样地和2个对照样地以形成水土流失治理序列。通过调查、测定芒萁生长环境和叶片叶绿素含量,分析叶片叶绿素含量在水土流失不同治理年限的变化,揭示其在芒萁抵抗环境胁迫时的表现方式。结果表明:沿治理序列,土壤全碳、全氮和全磷含量均趋于增加且总体上未治理对照地最低,植被郁闭度增加且总体上治理36年样地和风水林对照地相对较高,而芒萁叶片叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素a/b和总叶绿素含量均呈上升趋势,总体上上述数值在未治理对照地与治理6年样地和治理12年样地均无显著差异,治理36年样地和风水林对照地相对较高。综上,水土流失治理初期土壤养分未对芒萁产生严重胁迫,提高叶绿素含量和改善叶绿素比例结构是芒萁抵御水土流失治理后期遮阴胁迫的重要方式之一。     

流域生态经济系统规划

依据流域生态经济系统规划特征，用目标规划法进行流域生态经济系统规划。以黄土高原地区为例，建立了相应的流域生态经济系统目标规划模型，并分析了规划模型的运行过程。     

Deforestation, tillage and cropping systems effects on seepage and runoff water quality from a Nigerian Alfisol

Conversion of tropical forest ecosystems to agricultural land use can have drastic impact on quality of natural waters as related to temporal changes in the sediment load and concentrations of dissolved nutrients. Long-term experiments were conducted in two phases to assess seepage and runoff water quality changes from an Alfisol owing to changes in land use in a sub-humid region of southwestern Nigeria. Phase I, from 1978 to 1981, studied the impact of deforestation and tillage methods, and Phase II, from 1982 to 1987, evaluated the impact of cropping systems and soil restorative practices. The six treatments evaluated in Phase I, involving combination of deforestation and tillage methods, were: (1) manual clearing (MC) with no-till (NT); (2) MC with plow-till (PT), which involved plowing to about 20 cm depth followed by harrowing; (3) shear blade (SB) clearing with NT; (4) treepusher-rootrake (TP) clearing with NT; (5) TP clearing with PT; (6) traditional farming (TF) involving slash-and-burn agriculture without use of fertilizer and amendments. The TF treatment was discontinued during Phase II. Therefore, the five treatments evaluated in Phase II were: (1) alley cropping with Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit planted on the contour at 4 m interval; (2) restorative fallowing with mucuna (Mucuna utilis Lam.) on severely degraded soil; (3) mucuna fallowing on moderately degraded watersheds; (4) ley farming, involving establishment of pastures and grazing, on severely degraded watersheds; (5) ley farming on moderately degraded watersheds. Pastures included a mixture of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) and centro (Centrosema pubescens Benth). All treatments were imposed on watersheds of 2–4 ha each, and were replicated twice. Each watershed was equipped with a rate measuring H-Flume, a water stage recorder, a runoff sampler and a storage tank. In addition, a single lysimeter was installed in each treatment to monitor crop water use and nutrient transport in seepage water.Sediment concentration in water runoff was measured for both phases whereas nutrient concentrations in runoff and seepage waters were measured in Phase II only. Land clearing and tillage methods affected sediment concentration in runoff water. Mean sediment concentration during the first season after deforestation was 5.5 gl⁻¹ for MC and 9.7 gl⁻¹ for TP. Within the NT system, mean sediment concentration was 4.0 gl⁻¹ for MC, 3.9 gl⁻¹ for SB, and 8.0 gl⁻¹ for TP. Sediment concentration was also low for NT compared with PT, 5.3 gl⁻¹ vs. 9.1 gl⁻¹. Alley cropping decreased sediment concentration under maize (Zea mays L.) from 2.5 gl⁻¹ to 0.44 gl⁻¹. Mean sediment concentration was 4.3 gl⁻¹ under maize and 0.2 gl⁻¹ under cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) with alley cropping, compared with 1.4 gl⁻¹ under maize and 0.04 gl⁻¹ under cowpea grown after pastures. There were seasonal and cropping system effects on sediment concentration. Both alley cropping and mucuna cover decreased sediment concentration. Nutrient concentration in runoff was influenced by cropping systems treatments, and was higher without than with alley cropping. Although the total runoff was less, nutrient concentration was greater in water runoff from pastures and mucuna fallow than from maize. The maximum nutrient concentrations were much higher in seepage water than in surface runoff. Manual clearing, no-till, alley cropping and use of cover crops decreased transport of sediments and dissolved elements in surface runoff and seepage water.     

基于分水岭和改进MRF的马铃薯丁粘连图像在线分割

针对马铃薯丁粘连图像分割问题,提出一种融合分水岭和改进马尔科夫随机场（MRF）的分割方法。分水岭方法可以将粘连图像分割为若干一致性较好的区域,恰好有利于MRF进行标记,同时,针对实际应用中区域势团势能不一致的情况,通过改进势函数确定MRF的条件概率,使其在全局上具有一致性,从而解决粘连分割问题。用分水岭方法对图像进行初始分割,将图像转化为块状表示。综合考虑初始分割区域的相对高度和面积,用改进的MRF标记正确分割区域和过分割区域。计算过分割区域与邻域的紧密度,选择紧密度最大的邻域并与之合并。试验结果表明,该方法在继承了分水岭方法优点的前提下,解决了过分割的问题,正确率为95%。     

典型亚热带花岗岩地区森林流域岩石风化和土壤形成速率研究

岩石风化和土壤形成是地球表层物质循环的重要环节,了解岩石风化和土壤形成速率对土壤资源可持续利用和流域管理具有重要意义.本研究以位于我国亚热带的皖南花岗岩地区森林流域为例,通过野外监测其主要矿质元素输入输出量,应用流域中元素地球化学质量平衡原理,估算岩石风化和土壤形成速率.研究结果表明,在目前的降雨和酸沉降条件下,我国亚热带森林流域中,花岗岩的平均风化速率为0.696 t hm-2 a-1,土壤平均形成速率为0.598 t hm-2 a-1,所以需要经过2万年以上才能形成1 m厚的土壤.研究发现,大量输入土壤系统的H+由于被土壤风化和阳离子交换所消耗,径流水不至酸化,但是从长远来看,这会带来土壤的酸化.研究还表明根据当前的土壤形成速率,土壤允许流失量标准需要重新制定.     

The Dynamics of Conservation Financing

Abstract

The central question for this paper is whether land managers in Panama might protect or restore forests on their lands in response to the market for the existence value of biodiversity. Conservation financing provided by non-Panamanian sources is used as a proxy for investigating the nature of the market for the existence value of biodiversity. Debt-for-nature swaps and environmental trust funds, such as the Global Environment Facility (GEF), provide examples of demand in this market. This paper examines trends and policies that could change the cost of supplying biodiversity protection and factors that could improve or undermine demand for the existence value of biodiversity. If ecological restoration receives as much support within the conservation community as protection of pristine areas has in the past, then demand in this market is likely to remain strong. The largest challenge for this market will be shifting to the provision of biodiversity conservation by private landowners rather than solely by the national government.