农业用水及其生态社会效应的研究

研究建立了农业用水水资源城市人口非线性动力学模型,并探讨了农业用水的生态效应和有关稳定性问题。研究结果表明水资源城市人口 农业用水三者之间关系是非常复杂的非线性关系,盲目、超规模的农业用水将使城市城镇化抑或城镇农村化;稳定的城市人口与农作物生物总量成线性关系,低灌溉效率下农业用水的增加非但不能使农业增产,还将导致农作物生物总量的减少和城市规模的减小;为达到增加农业用水时既可使农业增产,又支持城市扩大的目的,惟一途径是提高农业灌溉效率     

控制中国非点源污染的生物经济学战略

While non-point pollution from agriculture has become an increasingly serious problem in China, some progress has been made in studying the causal biophysical processes. However, few studies have assessed the economic consequences of non-point pollution in China or the policy options that could be employed to combat it. In this work a sustainable strategy to control non-point pollution from crop production, which involved taxing excessive inputs of irrigation water and fertilizer, was proposed. The approach taken to assess these measures combined biophysical and economic models,having a trade-off between economic returns and an improved environment. A proven and practical spatially referenced water and nutrient management model was used to determine the quantities of excessive irrigation water and fertilizer for specific soil and land use. Also, a set of indicators were proposed for evaluating the effects of agricultural economic output and agricultural practices on the environment.     

基于生态足迹方法的玉米-味精生态农业及产业系统分析

为了提高生态产业研究结果的可比性，以味精产业为例，用生态足迹方法分析了产业过程涉及不同子系统的资源利用和环境污染情况。味精生产由三个子系统构成，玉米生产、淀粉生产和味精生产。计算结果表明，从玉米到味精的生产过程也是生态足迹延长的过程，其中玉米生态足迹占用面积最大，主要是因为耕地和水资源占用大；生态足迹的延长伴随着足迹效益的增加，意味着延长产业链条可以提高资源利用效率；系统的间接能源生态足迹较大，因此应重点考虑降低间接能源的能耗；味精生产系统的能耗最高，空气和水体环境污染最为严重。研究表明，生态足迹是一种很好的衡量复合生态产业不同子系统资源利用和环境污染状况的方法。     

草地净第一性生产力估算的研究进展

草地净第一性生产力(NPP)是全球变化与陆地生态系统研究的核心内容之一。草地NPP的模拟方法从站点实测法、统计模型发展到了机理性的过程模型，NPP的站点实测数据为统计模型和过程模型模拟结果提供参考。统计模型通过NPP和温度、降雨等气候因子或者直接与遥感获得的植被指数建立统计关系计算NPP；过程模型从机理上对植物的生物生理过程进行模拟并能够对NPP的影响因子进行分析,主要过程包括了光合作用、生长和维持呼吸、蒸散、氮吸收和释放、光合物质分配与分解，和季相变化等。遥感过程模型通过遥感手段获得地表覆盖状况、植被冠层结构变量值(如LAI)、地表反射率、地表辐射温度及土壤水分状况等作为重要参数应用到模型中，改善了模拟结果的时空精度，成为当前草地生产力模型的主要研究方向。最后对遥感监测草地NPP研究中存在的问题进行了分析并提出了展望。     

吉林省参地水土保持及可持续利用

人参适宜在土层深厚 ,土壤肥沃的坡地上生长。种植人参采用皆伐林地、清除根茬、顺坡做床的方法 ,从栽培到收获的 6a时间内需换床 1次 ,参后地在 30～ 40a内不能重复利用 ,造成严重水土流失。其整地、晒地期由于土地失去了原有植被的保护 ;管理期间面积占参地 2 0 %～ 2 5 %的作业道要承受整个参地的降水量 ;参后弃地土质疏散、表土裸露 ,在这 3个不同阶段均需采取相应的水土保持措施 ,防止水土流失。     

制种玉米种子乳线发育的水氮效应

乳线是判定玉米成熟度的重要指标之一,为明确灌水和施氮对制种玉米种子乳线发育的影响,以‘郑单958’和‘先玉335’制种玉米为研究对象,设置充分灌溉(6 000 m3·hm?2,W6000)、中度胁迫(4 500 m3·hm?2,W4500)、重度胁迫(3 000 m3·hm?2,W3000)3个灌水梯度,不施氮[0 kg(N)·hm?2,N0]、中氮[225 kg(N)·hm?2,N225]、高氮[450 kg(N)·hm?2,N450]3个施氮水平,研究不同水氮应用对制种玉米种子乳线发育进程、籽粒含水量、百粒重、籽粒脱水和灌浆速率的影响。结果表明,不同制种组合在不同水氮条件下种子乳线发育表现出明显差异;不同水氮条件下‘郑单958’乳线发育进程历时18~24 d,较‘先玉335’的33~36 d短;随灌水量增加,‘郑单958’种子乳线发育有延迟趋势,而‘先玉335’种子乳线受灌水量影响不显著;在乳线同一发育阶段,灌水和施氮均对籽粒含水量无显著影响,百粒重均表现为施氮处理显著高于不施氮;不同灌水处理间,‘郑单958’种子在重度胁迫条件下的脱水速率显著高于中度胁迫和充分灌溉,施氮量间无显著差异,‘先玉335’种子脱水速率各灌水量间无显著差异;‘郑单958’种子的灌浆速率各灌水处理间无显著差异,充分灌水条件下,不施氮处理灌浆速率显著高于施氮处理,而‘先玉335’灌浆速率随灌水量增加而增加,同一灌水条件下均是中氮处理高于不施氮和高氮处理;‘郑单958’种子每脱水1%,籽粒百粒重增加幅度在0.37~0.88 g,而‘先玉335’在0.43~1.34 g。因此,‘郑单958’种子乳线发育受灌水影响显著,水分亏缺致使种子脱水加速,乳线进程加快;‘先玉335’种子乳线发育受氮素影响显著,氮素不足和过量均影响种子灌浆,延迟乳线发育。     

基于水温对肉牛生长性能影响的冬季恒温饮水系统优选

为缓解西北地区拴系肉牛在冬季产生的冷应激,提高肉牛生长性能,研究根据连通器原理设计恒温饮水系统,为牛只提供温水。试验选取西门塔尔牛作为试验牛,对饮水器内水温、肉牛的饮水行为、生理以及日增质量进行测定。试验结果表明:恒温饮水系统能为处理组牛只提供17.69℃的温水,处理组牛的日增质量为1.53 kg/(d·头),较对照组提高0.36 kg/(d·头),差异极显著(P0.01)。在处理组中,牛只饮用16~18℃的温水表现出更多的饮水次数和更好的增重效果(日增质量达到(1.69±0.44)kg/(d·头))。饮水后牛只瘤胃处体表温度处理组比对照组高3.29℃,差异极显著(P0.01)。结果表明,在拴系肉牛舍中采用这种恒温饮水系统能够有效改善肉牛因冬季饮用冷水造成的冷应激,并能显著提高肉牛生长性能,具有技术和经济可行性。     

菜田土壤养分空间变异特征

采用传统统计和地统计相结合的方法,对55 hm2菜田耕层土壤养分空间变异特征进行了研究。结果表明,土壤养分主要限制因子是N、P、K和Zn,不同土壤养分的变异情况各不相同。土壤养分速效含量一般呈斑块状分布;土壤NO3--N、P、K和Zn含量在空间分布上具有明显的空间相似性。土壤NO3--N、P、K含量分别与种菜历史及肥料用量(N、P2O5和K2O)之间均呈极显著的正相关。     

蔗田立体生产研究初报

建立蔗田的立体生产比单纯种蔗能提高经济效益。其中以“甘蔗+青椒+凤尾菇”的生产模式经济效益最高,亩纯收入是单纯种蔗的10.65倍。“甘蔗+绿豆+凤尾菇”和“甘蔗+花豇豆+凤尾菇”的生产模式亩纯收入分别是单纯种蔗的8.46倍和8.17倍。同时还获得良好的生态效益和社会效益。     

Does nectar reward affect rarity and extinction probabilities of orchid species? An assessment using historical records from Belgium and the Netherlands

The long-term persistence of plant populations may partly depend on pollination processes and seed production. The exact role of pollination in determining plant population viability still remains largely unclear. Orchid species have often been shown to be pollinator limited. Especially, non-rewarding species are characterized by infrequent pollinator visits and low seed set. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that, if overall population fitness of orchid species is influenced by seed production, non-rewarding species should be more prone to local extinction than rewarding species. To study the importance of nectar reward on orchid persistence, we collected historical records about the distribution of 32 orchid species in Flanders (Belgium) and 37 orchid species in the Netherlands. For both regions, present distribution patterns were compared with historical data. Between 1930 (Flanders) or 1950 (the Netherlands) and 2000, 26 (81%) species showed decreases in distribution range in Flanders, eight of which had gone extinct, whereas 29 (78%) species showed declines in distribution area in the Netherlands, five of which went extinct. Contrary to previously reported results, orchid distribution patterns were not related to nectar reward. There was also no significant relationship between nectar reward and extinction for both regions. Orchids typically occurring in wet grasslands and heathlands suffered greater losses than orchids typically confined to forest habitats or calcareous grasslands. We conclude that the production of nectar does not represent a safeguard for local extinction of orchid species. Habitat loss and other deterministic threats associated with habitat fragmentation and deterioration are more important determinants of orchid persistence.