Sustainable agriculture evaluation model for red soil hill region of southeast China

Agricultural sustainability for economic development is important and a complex issue throughout the world; however,it is difficult to synthetically evaluate its use in the policy making process. The objective of this study was to evaluate sustainable agriculture in the red soil hill region of Southeast China through a newly proposed method combining four separate sub-systems: regional population (P), resource (R), environmental (E), and socio-economic (S). This new index system was proposed to appraise synthetically the agricultural sustainability of the red soil hill region from 1988 to 1996 with a two-step method assessing: a) the agricultural sustainability in each province independently and b) the relative sustainability of each province to the whole region. The first step only provided a development trend for each province based on its original situation, while the second step provided additional information on the comparative status of each province in agricultural development to the region as a whole. Higher index scores were found for the economy and resource categories denoting improvement. However, lower scores in the environment category indicated the improvement was achieved at the cost of deteriorating ecological surroundings due to an increasing population that demanded more from the agro-ecosystem and put heavier pressures on it. Results also showed that water and soil losses in this region were the major obstacles encountered in sustainable agriculture development. The assessment results were verified when compared with results from another method. This suggested that the new assessment system was reliable and credible in evaluating agricultural sustainability on a regional scale.     

中国东部精细农业中N肥施用的最新动态和建议

The Taihu Region in eastern China is one of China‘s most intensive agricultural regions and also one of the economic ally most developed areas. High nitrogen balance surpluses in the summer rice-winter wheat double-cropping systems are leading to large-scMe non-point source pollution of aquifers. In an interdisciplinary approach, four-year (1995-1998) field trials were carried out in two representative areas (Jurong County and Wuxi City) of the Taihu Region. Five farmers‘ field sites were chosen in each of the 2 locations, with each site divided into “standard“ (farmers‘ practice) and “reduced“ (by 30%-40%) N fertilization. For both fertilization intensities, N balance surpluses and monetary returns from grain sales minus fertilizer expenditures were calculated in an economic assessment. Based on the field trials, the mineral N fertilizer application rates reduced by about 10% for rice and 20%-30% for wheat were recommended in 1999. Since 1999, the research focused on the trends in N fertilizer application rates and changes in grain and agricultural commodities prices. Summer rice N fertilizer use, in Wuxi City as of 2001, dropped by roughly 25%, while for winter wheat it decreased by 10%-20%, compared to the 1995-1998 period. This has been achieved not only by grain policy and price changes, but also by an increased environmental awareness from government officials. Nitrogen balance surpluses in Anzhen Town (of Wuxi City) have consequently diminished by 50%-75% in rice and by up to 40% in wheat, with reductions being achieved without concomitant decreases in physical grain yields or returns from sales minus fertilizer costs.     

澳大利亚农业系统中非点源污染的控制

The Australian farming sector is continuing to intensify, particularly within 300 km of the east and southern coastlines. In the future there will be fewer and larger farms, which will use more fertilizer, support more stock, grow more monoculture crops, and utilise more marginal soils. This is likely to increase the major environmental impacts of soil degradation, salt, nutrient and sediment contamination of waterways, and greenhouse gas emissions. Australian national water policy continues to focus on land, stream and groundwater salinity issues, although there is now a greater recognition of the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus losses from agriculture. The general philosophy of policy for dealing with nonpoint source pollution has been towards a voluntary rather than regulatory approach, with state and national governments supporting a range of programs to encourage sustainable agricultural practices. A catchment （watershed） based approach, through the use of integrated catchment management plans, is the primary way that non-point source pollution is addressed at the farm and local level. At an industry level, cotton, grains, meat, sugarcane and dairy amongst others, as well as the Australian fertilizer industry, have responded to non-point source issues by investing in research and development, and developing codes of practice aimed at abating these environmental impacts. Understanding the economic, social, political and cultural contexts of farming as well as the environmental impacts of agriculture are very important in determining the appropriateness of policy responses for Australian farming systems.     

作物水分敏感指数降尺度的单调分段三次插值方法

Crop-water production functions quantitatively describe the relationship between crop yield and field evapotranspiration.The crop water sensitivity indexes of crop-water production functions,a key factor for optimizing irrigation scheduling in case of water scarcity,are usually obtained from field experiments or other sources for crop growth stages,while their values in shorter intervals are preferred for practical irrigation scheduling.We proposed a method to downscale the sensitivity index from growth stages to shorter intervals by monotone piecewise cubic interpolation of the cumulative sensitivity index curve.This method was used to estimate sensitivity indexes in irrigation intervals of about 10 d for corn and wheat in central Shanxi Province of China.Results showed that the downscaled sensitivity index could reflect the impact of water stress on crop growth both at diferent growth stages and within each stage.Scenario analysis of water stress at a single growth stage of wheat showed the rationality of downscaling water sensitivity index from growth stages to shorter intervals through interpolation of cumulative sensitivity index,and this proposed downscaling method was superior to the traditional linear downscaling method.     

高速发展的东南沿海地区资源与环境质量变化与可持续发展调整战略

Problems in water-land resources and environmental quality increase with the fast economic development in the coastal region of southeastern China,This region has the highest density in population,industry and towns in China,and the large export-oriented economy makes itself a strategic importance while China enters into international markets.The problems facing to this region include arable land reduction,land degradation aggravation,high percentage of built-up land with high rate of expansion,expanded non-point pollution,deteriorated water quality,decreasing biodiversity,destroyed ecosystems,sever air pollution,frequently occurred acid rain,and multi-pollutants.The important reaarch fields in the near future should include a )influence of high-intensity exploitaion of resources on changes of environment quality and its feedback;b) influence processes ,key mechanisms and adjustment principles for degradation of water,land-,and air-resources and environmental quality;c)evolvement processes and nurturing theory of bioiversity and ecological resourcs;and d) spatio-temporal variaiton and human-induced effects on regional resources and environment quality .Strategies for sustainable development in the region are as follows:a) controlling to ensure basic cultivated land area;b) enforcing remediation of polluted water environment,and controlling non-point pollution;c) strengthening ecological construciton and ecological security;and d) controlling multi-pollution and preventing trace toxic pollutants.     

Accumulation and potential sources of heavy metals in soils of the Hetao area,Inner Mongolia,China

Soil contamination by heavy metals is a problem in agricultural irrigation systems.To assess the accumulation and sources of heavy metals in the Yongji irrigation district of the Hetao area,Inner Mongolia,China,195 soil samples from 39 sites(0–100 cm)were collected,and Zn,Cu,Pb,Cr,and Cd concentrations were analyzed.The mean concentrations were 107.17,32.48,12.31,53.53,and 0.22 mg kg-1,respectively,with no significant differences between soil depths(P>0.05).Concentrations of Zn,Cu,and Cd were higher than the background levels,with moderate accumulation;the contamination factor(CF)values were 1.9,1.7,and 1.9,respectively,and the geoaccumulation index(Igeo)was>0.Concentrations of Pb and Cr were lower than,or close to,the background levels(CF<1,Igeo<0),indicating that they originated from a natural source.The monomial potential ecological risk index(Eri)for Zn,Cu,Pb,and Cr was low;Eri for Cd was 55.73,implying a moderate risk.The grade of potential ecological risk index of the five heavy metals(RI)was low,declining from south to north.The studied soils were contaminated with Zn,Cu,and Cd;principal component(PC)analysis implicated the enrichment of Cd and partial Cu(high loading in PC 2)was related to agricultural activities;Zn and partial Cu,closely associated with PC 3,may have originated from irrigation water from the Yellow River.Future agricultural development should focus on fertilizer and pesticide application and the quality of irrigation water.     

Non-Point Pollution from Crop Production： Global,Regional and National Issues

China is now the world＇s largest producer and user of industrial fertilizers and manures. Consequently China plays a substantial role in global N cycle dynamics and in man＇s disruption of the nitrogen cycle though there are still significant uncertainties about the size and importance of emission and leaching rates. A major cause of China＇s global role is the overuse of nitrogen fertilizers, which is most serious with intensive vegetable production where application rates can be up to 50% greater than crop needs, but is also a problem with wheat, rice and maize. China＇s overuse of nitrogen fertiliser over the past 10-20 years has resulted in non-point source （NPS） pollution from crop production becoming a major cause of water pollution, and the situation is projected to get worse. In contrast, water pollution from point sources such as intensive livestock production and urban or industrial development is being brought more under control. The consequences for air pollution are equally serious. Emissions of nitrous oxide from fertilizers and manures may be so large that China could be responsible for 25-30% of global emissions of this damaging greenhouse gas and of the global warming resulting from it. The main national and local issues relate particularly to low fertilizer use efficiency and the losses of ammonia and NOx that lead to acid precipitation, and leaching and run-off losses that result in high nitrate levels in groundwater and eutrophication of rivers and lakes. The reasons why farmers overuse nitrogen fertilizer are complex and not fully understood. They involve agro-climate differences between provinces and counties, farming systems and farm income structures. Although there is a wide range of institutional and technological improvements that can greatly reduce this overuse rapid progress in reducing NPS is unlikely.     

乡镇企业废水的综合再利用计划和湿地战略: 实例研究

A waste water reuse engineering was designed and then operated in Hongshan,a small town in Zhejiang Province,China,in order to solve pollution and shortage of water resources due to the development of rural enterprises.The results showed that series-structure design and cycling model were two effective modes of saving water and decreasing pollutants into environment,and wetland strategy should be a component part of the integrated planning for waste water reuse of rural enterprises.This case study could provide a basis for the optimum utilization and pollution avoidance of water resources.     

半干旱地区土壤水分和养分对玉米生长和产量的耦合影响

Interaction between soil water and nutrients plays an important role in sustainable crop management in semi-arid environments.On the basis of a field experiment conducted from 2000 to 2003,this study examined the coupled effects of irrigation and fertilizers on maize growth and yield in a semi-arid region of northeastern China.In terms of plant productivity,nitrogen fertilizer had the most significant effect followed by irrigation and phosphate levels.The combined application of nutrients and irrigation exerted a synergistic effect on the grain yield of maize plants.Regression analysis indicated that optimal levels of nitrogen and phosphate,in addition to adequate irrigation,could greatly improve the efficiency of grain production.Similarly,optimization of soil nutrient availability substantially increased water use efficiency.These suggested that for the most efficient and sustainable crop production,irrigation and nutrient management should be based on a quantitative understanding of water/nutrients interaction,particularly in semi-arid and arid regions.     

Water Security Problem in North China： Research and Perspective

This paper addresses the emergence of water security problems in North China with the aim of highlighting key water resources management and water security issues for the long-term development of North China. Three key problems related to water resources and security issues in North China in the 21st century are addressed, namely 1） the water cycle under environmental change, 2） agricultural water saving, and 3） water security. Development of international research related to these issues is also reviewed. The research plan developed recently by the Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） is discussed and suggestions on research and development of water resources science in North China are presented. Thanks to focus on experimental catchments and dedicated research stations, a detailed knowledge of the water cycle on North China farmland has been compiled. A range of techniques that include isotope tracers has been used to acquire hydrologic data. Much research has been devoted to developing distributed hydrological models at different scales. In the well irrigation district, five different water saving irrigation regimes have been investigated, and these regimes have had widespread application, and reduced water use 60-150 mm while they increased water use efficiency （WUE） by 20%-30%. Furthermore, preventing water pollution is the most essential step to ensure North China＇s water security.     

洞庭湖平原化肥面源污染生态环境风险及脱钩效应

[目的]推动实现农业经济增长与化肥面源污染生态环境风险的脱钩,为有效治理耕地面源污染和耕地可持续利用提供理论支持。[方法]基于生态环境风险评价模型,从县域尺度评价洞庭湖平原各地区化肥面源污染生态环境风险程度,采用非参数核密度估计洞庭湖平原化肥面源污染生态环境风险区域差异,进而采用脱钩模型进一步分析了洞庭湖平原农业经济增长与耕地化肥面源污染生态环境风险的脱钩关系。[结果](1) 2009—2019年洞庭湖平原化肥面源污染生态环境风险指数呈现先升后降的趋势,化肥面源污染生态环境风险指数先由2009年的0.749升至2014年的0.762,然后降至2019年的0.732,经历了由中度风险转为高度风险,后又降为中度风险的过程;中部地区污染更严重;(2)化肥面源污染生态环境风险区域差异明显,呈现两极分散化集聚特征,内部差距先扩大后缩小;(3)洞庭湖平原农业经济增长与化肥面源污染生态环境风险的脱钩关系呈现出明显的阶段性特征：第一阶段为波动期(2009—2013年),第二阶段为强脱钩期(2014—2019年)。[结论]在面源污染治理工作的推进下,洞庭湖平原化肥面源污染生态环境风险经历了先上升后下降的...     

不同水肥条件下农业非点源田间产污强度

为揭示灌水量和施肥量对田间产污强度的影响程度,基于已有的农业非点源污染田间产污模型和该项研究监测试验资料,计算分析了不同灌水量、施肥量和施肥方案下水稻田的田间产污强度。结果表明,灌水量与田间产污强度呈指数增长关系,施肥量与田间产污强度呈正相关;其次,即使在施肥量相同的情况下,不同的施肥方案田间产污强度也有较大差别。综合对比其他相关研究成果以及中国现阶段农田灌溉、施肥现状,讨论分析了田间水肥过程对农业非点源污染的影响。最终研究提出,田间水肥过程对农业非点源污染产出具有较大影响,应将开展节水灌溉与科学施肥、合理调整田间水肥过程等作为当前减轻和缓解农业非点源污染的一项重要措施。     

四川省化肥面源污染环境风险评估及趋势模拟

系统评估农业化肥过量施用对生态环境的潜在风险危害,可为制定下一阶段农业面源污染防治工作提供决策参考。本文基于2000—2015年化肥施用量和耕地面积等数据,采用化肥施用环境风险评价模型,探讨了四川省化肥施用及环境风险的时空变化特征;通过设置延续现状和政策干预两种情景,模拟了四川省2016—2018年执行化肥施用零增长行动期间的化肥施用环境风险变化趋势。结果表明:四川省化肥施用总量在2000—2015年间整体呈增加态势,2015年四川省化肥施用强度为376.63 kg?hm~(-2),超过了中国生态市建设的化肥施用强度250 kg?hm~(-2)的生态标准。四川省2015年化肥施用的环境总风险指数为0.69,处于中等风险程度;氮、磷、钾肥施用的环境风险指数分别为0.69、0.72和0.46。钾肥施用的环境风险处于安全状态;氮肥和磷肥的环境风险区域集中在成都平原经济区、川南经济区和川东北经济区,呈现中等风险程度并有成片聚集特征。延续现状情景下,四川各地区化肥施用环境总风险指数处于0.48~0.69,存在不同程度增加。与延续现状情景相比,四川在完成化肥施用零增长行动的任务规划前提下,2016—2018年政策干预情景的化肥施用环境总风险呈现下降趋势。以关键时间点2018年来看,川东北经济区化肥施用环境总风险下降最明显,较2015年执行化肥零增长时下降4.24%。但四川省多数地区仍存在不同程度的化肥施用环境污染风险,当地生态环境具有明显压力。建议省级部门加强对成都平原经济区和川东北经济区的化肥面源污染监测,根据各地区差异特征制定不同施肥方案,协调粮食增产和生态保护间的关系。     

农业区环境-经济综合效益模型构建及应用

农业经济发展与环境保护是既有矛盾又紧密联系的2个重要问题。为了客观科学地进行农业环境效益和经济效益的评价,该文以位山灌区为例,构建了农业区环境-经济综合效益模型,以农业净收益最大化为目标函数,以环境限制(氮淋失量)为约束,利用Hydrus-1D模型模拟计算了不同灌溉和施肥情景下的氮淋失量、根系吸氮量和作物产量,得出作物产量、氮淋失量与灌溉量和施肥量之间的回归方程系数,再利用Matlab优化工具得出不同的氮淋失量控制条件下的灌区优化施肥和灌溉方案。结果表明,农作物净收益随着环境限制条件的放松(即允许氮淋失量的增大)而增加,但增加速度逐渐减缓,表明以牺牲环境达到农业增收的边际效益呈递减趋势。位山灌区在允许氮淋失量为500 kg/hm2(以N计)时的净收益达到最大,相应的灌溉量为240 mm,施肥量为732 kg/hm2(以N计)。如需更严格控制氮淋失量,施肥量将受到限制,可能导致农民净收益减少,政府可通过农业环境补贴的方式进行经济补偿,以鼓励更环保的生产活动。通过科学合理的灌溉量和施肥量指导,可以实现经济效益和环境效益的双赢。研究结果可为灌区农业环境管理和政府环境保护补偿方式的制定提供参考。     

我国农业面源污染治理技术研究进展

随着我国经济社会的进一步发展,农业面源污染已经成为造成我国环境污染尤其是水环境污染的主要因素,农业面源污染治理技术的研究也越来越得到政府和科技工作者的重视。本文重点介绍了当前我国农业面源污染的状况、农业面源污染的成因及特征,并从农村生活污水的治理技术、农村生活垃圾的处理处置技术、农田径流生态拦截技术以及包括化肥减量化技术和农药减量化与残留控制技术为主的农业化学品减量使用技术等方面介绍了我国农业面源污染治理研究的发展现状,提出未来我国农业面源污染治理的系统控制思想和相关技术研究的趋势,包括系统控制与区域治理结合、技术研发与工程示范结合、面源污染控制与管理结合及建立健全国家级农业面源污染监测评价与预警体系等。     

农业面源污染影响因子及控制技术的研究现状与展望

面源污染的严重性受到国内外普遍关注,并已成为国际水环境问题研究的活跃领域。本文在简要介绍农业面源污染发生机理和特征的基础上,首先综述了土地利用方式、农田耕作、田间水肥管理、地形地貌、气候水文特征和社会经济因素等农业面源污染影响因子的研究现状,然后从人工湿地技术、前置库技术、缓冲带技术、水土保持技术、农田养分管理技术和农业生态工程技术等几个方面阐述了近年来国内外农业面源污染控制技术的最新研究进展,并结合我国实际提出今后农业面源污染的研究重点。     

节水防污型农田水利系统构建及其效果分析

不合理的农田水肥管理是造成农业面源污染的主要原因之一。为了探寻灌区水稻节水、增产和减污相统一的措施,提出运用由田间、草沟、塘堰湿地和骨干沟"四道防线"组成的系统净化农田排水,并在广西桂林市青狮潭灌区及广西灌溉试验中心站开展了系统的试验研究。通过站内不同水肥处理下对田间节水、水稻增产、氮磷流失减少指标的分析,优选水稻田间最优水肥管理模式,即采用间歇灌溉模式、施氮肥总量不变、适当减少氮肥基肥增加追肥用量;在站外根据现有的水系分布构建"四道防线"系统,分析了各道防线对农田排水的净化效果以及提高净化效果的主要措施。由"四道防线"构成的节水防污型农田水利系统对农田氮磷排放具有良好的净化效果,实现了减少农田面源污染和修复农田水环境的目的。     

江川灌区旱田改水田加剧水体氮磷污染

黑龙江省江川灌区实施旱田改水田后,粮食产量持续上升,同时也暴露了以总氮和总磷为主的非点源污染问题。该文在GIS平台的支持下,运用SWAT模型,建立了模型所需的空间数据库和属性数据库,并运用实测资料对模型参数进行了率定。最后,设置了不同的情景,在耕地面积不变的情况下,改变水田比例为现状的70%、50%,从而研究农业非点源污染输出变化。研究表明:水田面积为70%和50%的情况下,月平均径流深比现状减少20.95、41.37 mm,总氮负荷减少27.84、48.16 t/a,总磷负荷减少1.66、2.89 t/a,说明旱田改水田将会对水环境产生不利影响。通过情景模拟发现,减少施肥量和节水灌溉均可以在一定程度上控制污染物输出,施肥量减少50%后,总氮输出减少25.23%,总磷减少16.32%。在实际生产生活中,为保证粮食产量,可以通过改变施肥方式或设置人工湿地等方法减少农业面源污染。     

北京农田污水灌溉正负效应价值评价研究

采用环境经济学方法对北京市郊区农田污水灌溉的正负效应价值进行了评估。结果表明:2002年北京市农田污水灌溉的正效应价值约为4.62亿元,占当年农业增加值的9.3%,其中减少污水处理成本和节约清洁水资源的价值所占份额较大,分别为49.7%和27.6%,其次为节约化肥和粮食增产价值,分别为18.1%、3.1%;负效应价值约为1.39亿元,占当年农业增加值的2.8%,其中粮食减产造成的损失占总损失的46.5%,品质下降占2.2%,土壤污染占30.3%,人体健康损失占15.7%,而地下水污染占5.2%。污水灌溉的正负效应价值比为3.3∶1,其中污水灌溉的直接经济价值为负效应价值的1.7倍,说明污水灌溉的经济收益几乎完全是靠牺牲环境所维持的。因此必须高度重视污水灌溉造成的污染损失。     

面源污染下三峡库区农业生态环境效率及影子价格测算

农业的现代化进程产生了较为严重的农业面源污染,将农业的生态环境效应纳入农业生产效率评价框架是研究的新方向。采用非径向、非角度的SBM-DEA模型,结合方向性距离函数,考察了2003-2015年期间重庆三峡库区农业生态环境效率,引入影子价格测算了各区(县)农业面源污染的边际减排成本。研究结果表明:2003-2015年期间,重庆三峡库区农业生态环境效率趋于稳步提升态势,但整体水平较低,平均值仅为0.508,全样本期投入无效率和非期望产出无效率平均值分别为27.3%和24.7%。农业生态环境效率较高的地区集中在都市核心区和库尾都市外围区,江北和大渡口的农业生态环境效率值为0.7;而库尾低山丘陵区、库中平行岭谷区、腹地山地丘陵区和腹地外围山地区的农业生态环境效率相对较低,尤其是巫溪、万州与开县农业生态环境效率值仅为0.4左右。从效率损失的原因看,化肥、农药的过度投入及其相应的逆生态环境效应表现突出,在投入无效率的来源分解中贡献最大,达35.82%;大渡口、南岸、江北、北碚与渝北农业面源污染排放的影子价格居前,分别为3.503、3.478、3.370、3.317、3.302亿元/万t,污染减排空间较小;万州、丰都与开县农业面源污染排放影子价格较低,分别为2.167、2.321和2.492亿元/万t。在制定区域排放目标时,应考虑区域农业生态环境效率的空间异质性,针对不同区域的农业生态环境效率和影子价格制定具有针对性的减排策略,尤其应当把生态环境效率改进余地较大和边际减排成本相对较低的地区作为减排重点地区。