Asymmetric warming effects on N dynamics and productivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Climate warming exhibits strong diurnal variations, with higher warming rates being observed at nighttime, which significantly affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and grain yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of asymmetric warming (all-day warming, AW; daytime warming from 07:00 to 19:00, DW; nighttime warming from 19:00 to 07:00, NW, and a control, CK) on rice nitrogen (N) dynamics and productivity. Two rice bucket warming experiments were performed in Nanjing in Jiangsu Province, China, using the free air temperature increase (FATI) technique. The daily mean temperatures in the rice canopy in the AW, DW and NW plots were 2.0, 1.1 and 1.3ºC higher than those in the rice canopy in the CK plots, respectively. The results indicated that the total N accumulation of rice was 8.27–40.53% higher in the warming treatment than in the control during the jointing, anthesis and maturity stages. However, there was no significant difference detected among the three warming treatments. The warming treatment substantially decreased N translocation efficiency, leading to the retention of more N in the plant stems during grain filling. The warming treatment also decreased the N harvest index, N utilization efficiency based on grain yield and N utilization efficiencies based on biomass in both growing seasons. The warming treatment significantly increased the aboveground biomass (9.26–16.18%) in the jointing stage but decreased it (2.75–9.63%) in the maturity stage. Although DW increased the carbon (C) gain by photosynthesis and NW increased the C loss by night respiration, the daytime higher-temperature treatment affected rice photosynthesis and reduced its photosynthetic rate and product. This effect may be one of the primary reasons for the insignificant difference in the aboveground biomass between the DW and NW treatments. In the AW, DW and NW plots, the grain yield was reduced by an average of 10.07, 5.05 and 7.89%, respectively, across both years. The effective panicles and grains per spike tended to decrease in the warmed plots, whereas irregular changes in the 1000-grain weight were observed. Our results suggest that under the anticipated climate warming, rice productivity would further decline in the Yangtze River Basin.     

Inhibitory action of dissolved humic substances on the growth of soil bacteria degrading DDT

Abstract

Dissolved humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) prepared from a Dando brown forest soil (Typic Dystrochrept) inhibited the growth of soil bacteria degrading DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane) in the culture. The population of DDT-degrading Gram-variable rod Bll6 decreased by the application of both HA and FA, suggesting the presence of bactericidal effect. Such inhibitory effect was stronger for HA and resulted in a lower degrading activity of DDT in the culture of Bll6. No inhibitory effect was observed on the growth of DDT-degrading Bacillus sp. B75. The electron spin resonance spectra showed the presence of organic free radicals in both HA and FA. The relative concentration of the radicals was higher in HA. Storage of HA solution for 3 months at 4°C decreased the concentration of the radicals as well as the inhibitory action. The addition of catalase decreased the inhibitory effect of humic acid. It is suggested that a hydroxy radical, which is derived from free radicals of humic substances, is involved in the inhibition of bacterial growth and degradation of DDT.     

CRMS诱导水稻雄性不育的研究——Ⅲ.CRMS对水稻花药游离脯氨酸含量的影响及其与花药败育的关系

利用~3H-脯氨酸、~3H-谷氨酸示踪分析方法,研究了CRMS诱导水稻雄性不育的作用机理。试验结果表明,CRMS阻碍剑叶向花药运输脯氨酸,抑制花药本身合成脯氨酸能力,并降低脯氨酸合成醇不溶性大分子物质的结合率,引起花药营养匮乏,导致花药败育。     

黄棪原料香气与糖苷类香气前体的分布研究

黄棪原料游离态香精油含量以茎中最高，达20.95 mg / kg,梢中含量为12.42 mg / kg,叶中为8.15 mg / kg;其中游离态醇类香气化合物也以茎中含量最高,为14.87 mg / kg,分别是梢、叶中醇类香气化合物的3.46和5.65倍。而香气的化学组成以梢中最丰富,测出36个组分;茎中测出24个组分;叶中仅测出19个。中国乌龙茶的特征香气组分在供试原料中大都检出,且绝大多数组分在茎中有较高的含量。糖苷类结合态香气前体的数量分布与游离态香气的数量分布正好相反。     

非1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系KTSP3314A败育的生化机制

为了揭示K型非1B/1R类型小麦不育系雄性败育的生化机制。利用K型非1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系KTSP3314A,其同型保持系TSP3314B,以K型1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系K3314A、其同型保持系3314B为对照,分别对其叶片和穗子在不同发育时期的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化进行测定。结果表明,K型非1B/1R类型小麦不育系中SOD,POD及CAT活性变化与K型1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系酶活性变化一致,K型非1B/1R类型雄性不育小麦叶片和穗子的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)后期则较低,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性后期较高,丙二醛(MDA)含量后期较高。说明二者的雄性败育生化机制基本一致,但前者比后者败育的时期较晚。且超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与雄性育性有关。     

杨树游离氨基酸组成和含量与青杨天牛危害的相关分析

为了研究不同品系杨树上青杨天牛(Saperda populnea)的危害与树木自然状态下树木体内营养性物质影响昆虫生长发育的游离氨基酸组成和含量之间的相关性,利用HPLC柱前AccQ.Tag衍生法,分析了迎春5号、1344、银中杨、小黑14和施×斯的韧皮部和木质部中游离氨基酸的组成及含量。在各杨树品系韧皮部中共检测出14种游离氨基酸:丙氨酸、精氨酸、天门冬氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、缬氨酸;木质部与韧皮部的游离氨基酸种类相近,但木质部缺少苏氨酸。各种杨树品系韧皮部中精氨酸、赖氨酸与被害率相关性较强;杨树木质部中精氨酸、组氨酸与被害率相关性较强。不同杨树品系的健康与被害的韧皮部和木质部在不同种游离氨基酸之间的差异性都很显著。     

葛根提取物抗氧化活性研究

[目的]研究葛根提取物对.OH和清除作用。[方法]采用邻二氮菲-Fe2+氧化法和邻苯三酚自氧化法对葛根水提取物和乙醇提取物及葛根素对清除.OH和作用的效果进行了研究。[结果]葛根提取物对.OH和都有一定的清除作用,其清除两种自由基的能力为葛根素>葛根水提物>葛根醇提物。当葛根水提物及葛根素浓度为50 mg/ml,乙醇提物为75 mg/ml时,对.OH清除率分别为40.69%、27.48%和14.66%。3种提取物对清除作用都是在一定浓度后呈现出明显剂量-效应关系。[结论]葛根提取物具有较强的抗氧化作用,能增强机体防御自由基损伤的能力,该研究结果为葛根提取物特别是葛根素在心脑血管疾病治疗提供了有力的佐证。     

大吉岭红茶酯提取物的分离及活性分析

[目的]筛选高活性的红茶提取物。[方法]以印度大吉岭红茶为原料,采用沸蒸馏水抽取后乙酸乙酯萃取,然后将提取物进行柱层析分离;以EGCG、TP、TF、TFMG、TFDG作为对照,对红茶酯提取物进行总抗氧化、清除OH.、O2-.及DPPH.的活性实验;采用LSD法对红茶提取物与对照进行生物活性显著性比较分析。[结果]采用Sephadex LH-20,95%乙醇及不同浓度的丙酮可初步有效地分离红茶酯提取物。提取物中许多峰组分的抗氧化活性极显著地高于EGCG及茶黄素类对照;不同峰组分的总抗氧化和清除自由基能力存在差异;相同峰组分总抗氧化和清除不同自由基能力也不尽一致。[结论]对于活性优于对照的红茶提取物,需要通过LC/MS、NMR等进一步明确其结构和其他性质。     

Changes in soluble and cell wall-bound hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids in sugarcane cultivars inoculated with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sporisorium scitamineum</Emphasis> sporidia

The accumulation of soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics in the sugarcane stems of young plants from highly resistant cv. My 5514 and susceptible cv. B 42231, inoculated or not inoculated with smut sporidia, was studied. The ratio of inoculated to uninoculated plants of some cell wall-bound phenolics, such as ferulic, caffeic, and syringic acids increased for the resistant cv. My 5514, whereas it was maintained more or less constantly for the susceptible cv. B 42231. The highest increase of this ratio in the resistant cv. My 5514 corresponded to both caffeic and syringic acids. This could result in a better capacity to cv. My 5514 for an increase in the frequency of bridges between lignin fragments through ester-ether linkages for reinforcing the cell wall and major resistance to the disease. This reinforcement of the cell wall could provide an effective barrier to pathogen entry and spread. Soluble sub-fractions of all phenolics detected showed non-stable patterns. Caffeic acid, that regulates phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in sugarcane, showed a significant decrease in its titre at 24 h in the resistant cultivar, principally in the free soluble fraction, whilst the susceptible cultivar enhanced it. We hypothesise that the pathway of hydroxybenzoic acids is only activated once the level of p-coumaric acid justifies the accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acids required for reinforcing the cell wall after inoculation.     

一种新的层次信息可视化模型

随着信息的日益丰富和互联网技术的发展,如何在海量数据中获取有效信息这一问题促使信息可视化领域成为当前的研究热点之一。层次信息的可视化结构最直观的方式就是树型结构。但是传统的树型结构有一个很大的缺点:当结构的层次增多或者节点增多时,该结构需要占据大量的可视化空间。针对这个问题,在分析研究层次信息可视化技术的基础上,提出了一种新的层次信息可视化模型,即层次信息自由呈递模型。通过对多种关键特征的参数化,实现层次信息在任意方向上的自由呈递,以及Focus+context视图效果。