Diversity of weedy red rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Arkansas,U.S.A. in relation to weed management

Weedy rice, specifically red rice (Oryza sativa L.), is a major weed in rice which causes up to 80% yield loss and reduction of grain quality. Red rice accessions from Arkansas, U.S.A., were characterized to classify red rice accessions into certain phenotypic groups relevant to weedy rice management. The red rice accessions were 70% strawhull, 22% blackhull, 7% brownhull and <1% goldhull. Generally, blackhull red rice was the tallest (139 cm) and strawhull the shortest (133 cm) among all accessions. Blackhull red rice had more tillers (102/plant), smaller flag leaves (13 cm wide, 34 cm long), and flowered later (1225 heat units) than strawhull red rice which had 85 tillers/plant, 15 cm-wide and 34 cm-long flag leaves, and flowered after accumulating 1195 heat units. Morphological differences between accessions within each hull type were highly significant, showing great diversity within a hull color group as indicated by large ranges in traits. For example, blackhulls were 75–190 cm tall with 18–69 cm long flag leaves, 21–188 tillers and produced 40–949 g seed. Strawhulls were 46–189 cm tall with 18–66 cm flag leaf length, 16–172 tillers and produced 100–608 g seed. Some traits, such as seed production, differed widely between accessions within each hull color group such that the average seed production/accession for blackhull did not differ from that of strawhull weedy rice (196 vs. 192 g/plant). The onset of flowering among all accessions ranged from 56 to 126 d after planting. Red rice accessions formed six phenotypic clusters generally segregated by plant size or flowering time. Each morphotype would have different competitive abilities; thus, weedy rice management could be geared toward plant types. Highly competitive plant types would require intensive control measures to minimize yield losses and reduce the soil seed bank. Flowering dates impact stewardship strategies for herbicide-resistant or any genetically modified rice.     

小麦族植物淀粉粒形态研究

为深入研究小麦族植物的淀粉粒形态特征,利用光学显微镜和电子显微镜对收集于中国的16种小麦族植物淀粉粒形态进行分析。结果表明,小麦族植物淀粉粒均为单粒淀粉粒,二维形状上大多为近圆形,部分呈椭圆形。从淀粉粒组合形式上来看,16个样品均包含有A型(10μm)和B型(10μm)淀粉粒。其粒径大小与圆度存在正相关关系(R2=0.401 3),即平均粒径越大,其圆度越高,在二维形态上越接近正圆。聚类结果表明,16个样品可以分为5类,鹅观草与黑麦淀粉粒差异最为明显,各为一类;二棱皮大麦、六棱皮大麦、披碱草、硬粒小麦为第三类;斯卑尔托山羊草、野生大麦、大麦为第四类;二棱裸大麦、新疆大麦、六棱裸大麦、纤毛鹅观草、春小麦、小麦无芒蚂蚱、野生二粒小麦为第五类。根据多变量分析结果,提出了小麦族植物淀粉粒鉴定的判别方程式。研究成果充实了小麦族植物淀粉粒数据库和图谱。     

我国食用菌新害虫--泰纳异蚤蝇（Megaselia tamilnaduensis Disney）

首先对危害我国食用菌的新害虫——泰纳异蚤蝇(Megaselia tamilnaduensis Disney)的形态特征和生活习性进行观察,其次在自然条件及27℃恒温条件下进行饲养观察。结果表明,其雌雄比例约为2.57∶1。当温度为27℃时,雌虫因环境湿度和养分较大,其腹部第7~10节会伸开。该虫的生活周期为21~25 d,其中卵期1 d,幼虫阶段为5~7 d,蛹期持续6~8 d,雄性成虫可存活4~6 d,雌虫可存活5~8 d。幼虫会在菌丝和菌料之间穿梭蛀食,在菌料表层相对干燥的地方化蛹,羽化后交配,并产卵于菌包的菌丝上。幼虫的适宜温度为14~27℃,适宜湿度为60%~80%。在沈阳地区主要危害平菇,菇房平均危害率为25%,菌包危害率为10%,严重者可达20%。     

白腐菌产漆酶活化木粉制备纤维板的力学性能

利用白腐菌产漆酶的特性,优化连续培养高活漆酶,使得大量培养漆酶成为可能。结果表明:在连续培养和直接培养两种情况下,第11天时漆酶的酶活最高;利用连续培养白腐菌得到的大量的粗漆酶来处理木粉,活化其木质素成分,使其能够替代一部分的脲醛树脂胶制备纤维板。静曲强度上升了18.95%,弹性模量上升了35.49%,内结合强度上升了44.11%。漆酶催化氧化了木质素,增加了木质纤维中化学键的数量,使木质纤维之间的胶结点增多。与此同时,经过漆酶处理的木粉增强了脲醛树脂胶黏剂在纤维表面的渗透和扩散能力,提高了纤维板的力学性能。     

我国主产棉区棉花纤维品质性状的区域分布特征

我国主产棉区及其亚区的棉纤维品质区域特征明显,适时评价各棉区的纤维品质发展现状有助于稳定优势棉花产区和促进特色棉花产区的发展。本研究采用GGE双标图分析了2011—2015年全国棉花品种区域试验中各亚区环境与纤维品质性状的互作模式,分析比较了各主产棉区和亚区的纤维品质特征。结果表明:1)在主产棉区尺度上,长江流域棉区纤维长度和比强度最好,并且都达到了国家棉花品种审定的Ⅱ级标准,而马克隆值和纺纱均匀性指数居中;黄河流域棉区的纤维长度和比强度较好,但马克隆值偏高;西北内陆棉区的马克隆值和纺纱均匀性指数表现最好,纤维长度和马克隆值达到了国家棉花品种审定的Ⅱ级标准,但比强度在三大棉区中表现最差。2)在棉花亚区尺度上,纤维长度表现以长江下游和长江上游亚区为最好,黄土高原亚区稍差,其余亚区表现较好;比强度表现以长江下游、长江中游、淮北平原、南襄盆地和黄土高原最好,而南疆棉区、长江上游和北疆棉区比强度稍差;马克隆值以北疆棉区、南疆棉区和长江上游表现最好,而黄土高原、淮北平原、长江中游和华北平原的马克隆值偏高。3)在纤维品质的综合表现上,北疆棉区、长江下游、长江上游和南疆棉区的纤维品质综合表现最好,淮北平原、长江中游和南襄盆地次之,华北平原和黄土高原稍差。本研究展示了GGE双标图的"环境?性状"功能图在纤维品质区域特征评价方面的应用效果,可为我国棉花优势产区发展和棉纺企业合理用棉提供理论依据,也对全国棉花纤维品质生态区划分具有指导意义。     

南疆手采陆地棉89个品种3～5室棉朵纤维可溶性糖含量分析

在新疆精准植棉模式下为筛选出棉纤维低糖的陆地棉种质资源及揭示不同铃室棉纤维可溶性糖含量的规律,采用硫酸蒽酮比色法对89份陆地棉品种资源3~5室棉朵(吐絮后的棉铃)的纤维可溶性糖含量进行测定,从中筛选出7份无糖材料(1.01~2 mg/g),占全部材料的7.87%。不同来源品种的纤维可溶性糖表现不同,可溶性糖含量由高到低依次为江苏、安徽、河北、新疆、四川、湖北、山西、山东、河南。全部参试材料除河北和山西材料4室铃的纤维可溶性糖含量高于5室铃,其他均是5室铃高于4室铃。中国陆地棉纤维可溶性糖含量高于国外。在不同品种系列间可溶性糖含量比较中,新疆陆地棉系列高于中棉所系列;杂交棉系列高于常规棉系列;中、晚熟棉系列高于早熟棉系列。对仅有的13份材料的3室铃进行比较,‘芽黄9103’和‘中-190’可溶性糖含量较低,均与其他材料有显著差异。对7份具有特殊植物学性状材料的不同铃室进行比较,发现5室铃的铃重较大,单铃种子数较多,子指较大,衣分率和单子皮棉产量较低,但对棉花纤维品质的影响不显著。     

Feline calicivirus VP2 is involved in the self-assembly of the capsid protein into virus-like particles

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is considered the most common upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) associated pathogen in cats. We previously expressed FCV VP1 capsid protein in insect cells by baculovirus system and we observed that this protein self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) different in size and lacking the typical cup-like depressions of caliciviruses. In the present study, VP1 and the small basic structural protein VP2 of FCV were individually expressed by baculovirus system. Coinfection of insect cells with both recombinant viruses resulted in VP1 and VP2 self-assembly to form depressions similar to native capsids in size and appearance, demonstrating that VP2 interacts with the VP1 protein in the formation of VLPs.     

育珠对三角帆蚌形态学影响的初步研究

[目的]探讨育珠对三角帆蚌形态学的影响。[方法]对2＋、3＋和4＋龄育珠与非育珠三角帆蚌形态学指标进行测量。[结果]除体长性状变异较大外,各龄段中育珠蚌的体重、体高、壳宽均极显著高于非育珠蚌相应指标（P〈0.01）,而体长/体高指标极显著低于非育珠蚌（P〈0.01）,除2＋龄段育珠蚌体高/壳宽指标极显著低于非育珠蚌外（P〈0.01）,其他各龄段差异不显著。[结论]人工育珠会改变三角帆蚌的形态学特征。     

不同砂梨品种根系形态的研究

对爱甘水、幸水和丰水3个砂梨品种6年生盛果树不同土层内根系的总长、重量、平均直径,不同直径范围内的根长、表面积、总体积、根尖数、根叉数和根尖点等进行了比较试验,结果表明:不同土层内3个砂梨品种间根系生长状况存在明显差异。0～2mm直径的根系爱甘水、丰水多集中于20～30cm土层,而幸水则集中在40～50cm土层;3个品种大于5mm根系的重量所占比例均为最高;在0～10cm土层内爱甘水的根叉数、根尖条数和根尖点数均高于幸水和丰水,在0～20cm土层内,爱甘水的根系表面积和体积也明显高于幸水和丰水。     

Quantitative analysis and QTL mapping for agronomic and fiber traits in an RI population of upland cotton

Genetic mapping is an essential tool for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) molecular breeding and application of DNA markers for cotton improvement. In this present study, we evaluated an RI population including 188 RI lines developed from 94 F₂-derived families and their two parental lines, ‘HS 46’ and ‘MARCABUCAG8US-1-88’, at Mississippi State, MS, for two years. Fourteen agronomic and fiber traits were measured. One hundred forty one (141) polymorphic SSR markers were screened for this population and 125 markers were used to construct a linkage map. Twenty six linkage groups were constructed, covering 125 SSR loci and 965 cM of overall map distance. Twenty four linkage groups (115 SSR loci) were assigned to specific chromosomes. Quantitative genetic analysis showed that the genotypic effects accounted for more than 20% of the phenotypic variation for all traits except fiber perimeter (18%). Fifty six QTLs (LOD > 3.0) associated with 14 agronomic and fiber traits were located on 17 chromosomes. One QTL associated with fiber elongation was located on linkage group LGU01. Nine chromosomes in sub-A genome harbored 27 QTLs with 10 associated with agronomic traits and 17 with fiber traits. Eight chromosomes in D sub-genome harbored 29 QTLs with 13 associated with agronomic traits and 16 with fiber traits. Chromosomes 3, 5, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, and 26 harbor important QTLs for both yield and fiber quality compared to other chromosomes. Since this RI population was developed from an intraspecific cross within upland cotton, these QTLs should be useful for marker assisted selection for improving breeding efficiency in cotton line development. Paper number J1116 of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762. Mention of trademark, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by USDA, ARS and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that may also be suitable.