施肥对蔬菜硝酸盐累积的影响研究

试验研究施肥对福州市多种蔬菜硝酸盐含量影响结果表明 ,农户传统施肥方式蔬菜硝酸盐含量为 5 9.5～374 3.1mg/kg,平均硝酸盐含量为绿叶菜类 >白菜类 >葱蒜类 >根茎类 >瓜类 >豆类 >茄果类 ,且同类不同品种蔬菜硝酸盐含量也存在差异。以WHO/FAO规定的允许值为标准评价绿叶菜类超标最重 ,其次为白菜类和葱蒜类 ,其他 4类未超标。化肥纯N施用量为 4 5 0kg/hm2 时 ,化学N肥对蔬菜硝酸盐累积的贡献率 >85 % ,其中不同品种N肥贡献率依次为NH4NO3 >NH4HCO3 >CO(NH2 ) 2 >(NH4) 2 SO4>NH4Cl。N肥施用量与蔬菜硝酸盐累积量呈正相关 ,双氰胺施用量与蔬菜硝酸盐累积量呈负相关。等N量下蔬菜硝酸盐累积量随基肥所占比例减少、追肥所占比例增大而增大 ,且随追肥后时间推移呈直线下降。配施有机氮可降低蔬菜硝酸盐含量 ,降幅施厩肥 >土杂肥。调整与优化蔬菜品种及施肥结构 ,采用“重头、稳中、控尾”施N方式 ,根据蔬菜食用卫生要求选择N肥用量及其使用安全期与双氰胺用量 ,可降低蔬菜硝酸盐含量。     

Sulphur mineralization and release of soluble organic sulphur from camp and non-camp soils of grazed pastures receiving long-term superphosphate applications

Summary Topsoils (0–75 mm) from four soil types with different sulphate retention capacities were collected from stock camp and non-camp (main grazing area) sites of grazed pastures in New Zealand which had been annually fertilized with superphosphate for more than 15 years. These soils were analysed for different S fractions and incubated at 30°C for 10 weeks using an open incubation technique in order to assess the extent of S mineralization and the release of soluble soil organic S from camp and non-camp soils during incubation. The soils were preleached with 0.01 M KCl, followed by 0.04 M Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ before being incubated. Pre-incubation leachates and weekly 0.01 M KCl leachates were analysed for mineralized S (i.e., hydriodic acid-reducible S) and total S. Soluble organic S was estimated as the difference between these two S fractions. Results obtained show higher cumulative amounts of all three S fractions in leachates over a 10-week incubation period in camp than in non-camp soils, suggesting that higher mineralization occurred in camp soils. Cumulative amounts of mineralized S from camp and non-camp soils showed a linear relationship with duration of incubation (R ²0.985^***), while the cumulative release of soluble organic S followed a quadratic relationship (R ²0.975^***). A significant proportion (14.6%–40.8%) of total S release in KCl leachates was soluble organic S, indcating that organic S should be taken into account when assessing S mineralization. Mineralized S and soluble organic S were best correlated with 0.01 M CaCl₂-extractable soil inorganic S (R ²=0.767^***) and 0.04 M Ca(H₂PO₄)₂-extractable soil inorganic S(R ²=0.823^***), respectively. Soil sulphate retention capacity was found to influence amounts of mineralized S and soluble organic S, and thus periodic leaching with KCl to remove mineralized S from soils may not adequately reflect the extent of soil S mineralization in high sulphate-retentive soils. In low (<10%) sulphateretentive soils, increasing the superphosphate applications from 188 to 376 kg ha^–1 year^–1 increased S mineralization but not amounts of C-bonded and hydriodic acid-reducible soil S fractions.     

Influence of spatial root distribution,organic nitrogen mineralization and fertilizer application on soil interlayer ammonium

The amount of interlayer NH ₄ ⁺ -N and net mineralization of organic N were measured at periodic intervals, over a period of 10 months, in soil samples collected from a peach orchard which had been subjected to different rates of N fertilizer application. Two different groups of soil samples, designated sampling 1 and sampling 2 were collected. Soils of sampling 1 were collected from sites where the soil was heavily penetrated by tree roots and those of sampling 2 were collected from sites where the soil remained free from tree roots. In sampling 1, during the 10-month period, the concentration of interlayer NH ₄ ⁺ -N showed significant variations, while in sampling 2 no significant variation was found. In sampling 1 the amount of NH ₄ ⁺ -N released from the interlayers of the clay minerals were not influenced by the N fertilizer application rate. Changes in the interlayer NH ₄ ⁺ -N concentrations were related to variation in net N mineralization and immobilization rates as well as to plant uptake N. It is concluded that, in our experiment, the dynamics of interlayer NH ₄ ⁺ -N in soil were influenced by the spatial distribution of the tree roots and organic N mineralization, while N application influenced seasonal variation but not the total interlayer NH ₄ ⁺ -N released during the experiment.     

杂交油菜免耕直播栽培技术研究初报

初步研究了油菜免耕直播栽培的播种量、播种方式及施肥量,认为油菜免耕直播栽培的适宜播种量为3.75 kg/hm2,施肥量为750～900kg/hm2缓释包膜肥,播种方式为撒播.     

肥料运筹对再生季稻产量的影响

[目的]研究肥料运筹对再生季稻产量的影响.[方法]以准两优608为材料,研究“直播-再生”栽培模式下再生季稻的肥料运筹.[结果]再生季稻的氮肥用量为75 kg/hm2、促芽肥在头季稻齐穗后10 d施用最利于再生稻增产.[结论]该研究可为南昌市的直播-再生稻的高产栽培技术提供依据.     

夏玉米在“3414”试验方案中氮磷钾配施的肥料效应研究

[目的]为研究氮肥、磷肥、钾肥对夏玉米产量和经济效益的影响和测土配方施肥提供依据。[方法]在河南省鹤壁市利用"3414"试验设计,布置夏玉米氮、磷、钾肥料效应试验。[结果]氮的缺乏对夏玉米产量影响最大,其次为磷,最后为钾。[结论]施肥量推荐类型:夏玉米目标产量10 500 kg/hm2,氮磷钾配比用量18∶8∶6;夏玉米目标产量9 000~10 500 kg/hm2,氮磷钾配比用量为16∶6∶4;夏玉米目标产量9 000 kg/hm2以下,氮磷钾配比用量为14∶4∶2。     

不同施肥方式对强筋小麦新麦26产量的影响

[目的]探讨强筋小麦的最优施肥方式。[方法]以强筋小麦品种新麦26为试验材料,研究不同施肥方式对其群体动态、株高、穗部性状、产量及其构成因素的影响。[结果]随着施肥量的增加,新麦26的冬前群体、最高群体及成穗数均呈增多趋势,而千粒重呈降低趋势。籽粒产量和穗粒数随着施肥量的增加呈现"低-高-低"的变化趋势,而增施有机肥对增加新麦26的产量有利。结合秸秆还田,采用平衡施肥方式(N 247.5 kg/hm2、P2O5105 kg/hm2、K2O 247.5 kg/hm2)并增施有机肥(精制鸡粪1 500 kg/hm2),既能提高新麦26的产量,又有利于土壤培肥,是最优施肥方式。[结论]该研究可为强筋小麦品种的推广和优化施肥提供技术支撑。     

安徽化肥消费现状和粮食作物节肥潜力分析

[目的]通过总结2005 ～ 2014年安徽统计年鉴数据、农户调查数据及2 495个安徽粮食主产区的田间试验结果,分析安徽化肥消费动态变化和粮食作物节肥潜力.[结果]与2004年相比,2013年化肥施用总量及氮肥、钾肥和复合肥用量分别增加了21.9％、2.4％、6.7％和63.3％,磷肥用量减少了12.2％.经估算,2013年水稻、玉米和小麦生产共可节氮肥152 073t,而需要增加1841t磷肥和24 863t钾肥,才能满足作物最佳营养需求.[结论]安徽农作物节氮潜力巨大,但是由于作物需肥特性不同和地区差异,需平衡施肥才能达到节肥、稳产的目的.     

村民对村级财务公开需求的实证分析

通过实地调查村级财务公开在农村的开展情况,从村民的角度出发,分析村民对村级财务公开的需求情况,以及影响村民对财务公开需求的主要因素.在对江苏省南京市石湫村等三省四村进行实地调查研究后,发现村民对财务公开的需求不高,需求与村民个人特征、社会因素、对财务公开的了解程度等有着密切联系.     

黄红紫泥油菜肥料效应研究

根据田间试验结果，建立了四川丘陵区黄红紫泥土壤油菜肥料效应函数模型．结果表明磷的效应最大，其次是氮和钾．当施肥水平小于０．２５时，Ｋ＞Ｎ，超过０．２５时，Ｎ＞Ｋ．ＮＰ和ＮＫ对油菜产量具有显著正交互效应，而ＰＫ为显著负交互效应．交互效应大小随施肥水平的增加而提高。通过计算机模拟获得了油菜最高产量和最经济的肥料配方．分析了肥料对油菜产量结构的影响，提出了最适产量结构指标。