直播油菜施肥效应及适宜肥料用量研究

采用“３４１４”肥料效应试验设计方案进行田间试验,探讨直播油菜氮磷钾（ＮＰＫ）肥效应及肥料的适宜用 量。结果表明,ＮＰＫ配合施用显著提高了油菜产量,三因素增产大小顺序为Ｎ ＞Ｋ ＞Ｐ;油菜各器官养分含量和积 累量随相应养分的施用明显提高;试验条件下,Ｎ、Ｐ２Ｏ５和Ｋ２Ｏ用量为１８０、３０和９０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２时,氮磷钾肥表观利用 率最大,分别为３５．１％、２３．１％和７３．９％。用一元二次肥料效应模型对试验结果进行模拟,结果显示,直播油菜Ｎ、 Ｐ２Ｏ５和Ｋ２Ｏ适宜施用量为２１２、２３和１１２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。     

麦套花生优化施肥研究

采用三因素二次饱和Ｄ—最优设计，建立了麦套花生Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ施肥与花生产量间的数学模型。由模型可得：（１）Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ三种肥料对麦套花生产量作用显著，且互作间存在较大的交互效应，因此，Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ需配合使用。（２）公顷产量４５００～５２５０ｋｇ的优化施肥方案为：每公顷施Ｎ１０９．５～１４７ｋｇ，Ｐ２Ｏ５１３３．５～１８６ｋｇ，Ｋ２Ｏ２４３～３４８ｋｇ；最优组合为：每公顷施Ｎ１３９．６ｋｇ，Ｐ２Ｏ５１７４．３ｋｇ和Ｋ２Ｏ３２３．３ｋｇ，最高产量可达５２６０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。     

黄土高原向日葵产量的土壤养分限制因子与施肥指标研究

１９９４～１９９６年在黄土高原陕西渭北旱塬进行了向日葵的养分限制因子与高产高效施肥试验,结果表明,Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ是向日葵产量的限制因子。Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｇ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｂ为非限制因子,限制因子对向日葵的产量效应Ｋ＞Ｎ＞Ｐ,经济效应最佳施肥指标Ｎ１６３．２１～１６９．８９ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,Ｐ２Ｏ５１２８．６０～１３１．９１ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,Ｋ２Ｏ１８１．３７～１９０．０９ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。     

N,P,K对冬小麦籽粒产量及冬前叶片含糖量的影响

采用三因素二次通用旋转回设计研究了冬小麦施用氮，磷，钾对籽粒产量，冬前叶片中糖分含量，苗期单株干重等性状及经济效益的影响，通过取样调查，测产，建立了上述性状的数学模型，分析了有关因子的主效应及交互效应，提出了施肥方案，即在保证产量每公顷４０００ｋｇ的条件下，每公顷施Ｎ１７２．２７～２０４．２２ｋｇ，Ｐ２Ｏ５８７．９３～１１２．４５ｋｇ，Ｋ２Ｏ４４．２～６３．４６ｋｇ，Ｎ：Ｐ２Ｏ５：Ｋ２Ｏ为１：０．     

棉花超高产密肥优化调控研究

适宜的移栽密度、科学的肥料运筹是实现棉花超高产量重要的因素。里下河棉区大麦后移栽棉适宜的密度为４．５万株.hm^-2左右，最佳施肥水平３３７．５kg.hm^-2,N:P2O5:K2Ｏ为１：０．４：０．８，施肥水平、肥料配比及密度对单株果枝数影响较大，单位面积果枝数、总果节量的多少主要取决于密度大于。在施Ｎ水平较高的情况下对单株果枝数影响较大，单面积果枝数、总果节量的多少主要取决于密度大小。在施Ｎ水平提高的情况下（＞２６２．５kg.hm^-2），单株成铃数、铃重及产量随施钾水平的提高而增加。     

不同施氮量对马铃薯的影响

本试验在固定Ｐ、Ｋ肥下，研究有无农家肥［Ｆ１（１５００ｋｇ／亩），Ｆ０（０ｋｇ／亩）］下不同施Ｎ量（０，２．５，５．０，７．５ｋｇ／亩）对马铃薯（品种疫不加）生长发育、矿物质营养吸收及产量品质的影响。结果表明：随施Ｎ量增加，叶面积、茎叶生长量、净同化率及块茎膨大速率也增加，Ｎ７．５处理明显优于Ｎ２．５及Ｎ０处理。施Ｎ增加了Ｎ的吸收，特别是Ｎ７．５处理，对Ｐ、Ｋ的影响不大，同时，也增加了Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的转运率。有农家肥时增强了上述作用。最高产量施Ｎ为７．５ｋｇ／亩。Ｎ７．５Ｆ０处理鲜产为１６０４．９８ｋｇ／亩，Ｎ７．５Ｆ１处理为１６１３ｋｇ／亩。Ｆ０时Ｎ肥的产量效应方程为Ｙ＝１２９０．１４＋７４．３Ｘ，Ｆ１时效应方程为Ｙ＝２６１９．８７０＋７６．２３４Ｘ－２．４０Ｘ２（Ｘ从０→７．５ｋｇ／亩）。且随施Ｎ增加，淀粉含量有下降趋势，而淀粉产量逐渐增加，Ｎ５．０Ｆ１处理的淀粉产量为１７８．５１ｋｇ／亩。     

红壤旱地施用石灰对土壤酸度、油菜产量和肥料利用率的长期影响

长达１５年的田间石灰长期定位试验结果显示：红壤施用３．７５～１５．００ｔ／ｈｍ２石灰石粉降低土壤酸度的后效可以维持４～１５年,使油菜增产和肥料利用率提高所维持的时间则可达１５年以上。红壤施用石灰可以提高油菜籽粒产量１７．５％～２９．８％,提高Ｎ、Ｐ和Ｋ肥料利用率的幅度分别为１７．６％～３３．０％,２５．６％～３９．７％和６．８％～３６．１％。     

麦套棉高产栽培因子主次关系研究

本文于１９８８～１９９０年采用五因素五水平二次正交旋转回归设计的方法，对影响淮北地区麦套棉花产量和效益的人为可控因子中的施纯Ｎ量、Ｐ２Ｏ５量、Ｋ２Ｏ量、密度、化控５个因子进行了研究。通过建立的数学模型，明确了对产量和效益影响的主次顺序为：密度＞氮肥＞钾肥＞化控＞磷肥，并得到了达到最高产量和效益的最佳组合方案：每公顷施纯Ｎ１８０～１９５ｋｇ，Ｐ２Ｏ５３０～６０ｋｇ，Ｋ２Ｏ１５０～１６５ｋｇ，移栽密度５．２５万～５．５１万株／ｈｍ２，缩节安用量３０～４５ｇ，于盛蕾期、盛花期或封顶时化调２～３次。为生产上制定技术措施提供了科学依据。     

水肥措施对春小麦产量及其构成因素的影响

本文就不同水肥措施对坝上春小麦产量及其构成因素的影响进行了研究。结果表明，在自然降雨的基础上，进行补水可以显著地提高产量，并以在小麦需水关键期—拔节期和孕穗期补水１５０ｍｍ产量最高，补水２２５ｍｍ（三次）则降低产量．施肥可显著增产，水分和肥料间互作效应显著，以补水１５０ｍｍ、施Ｎ１８０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、施Ｐ１２０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２产量最高．肥水措施可显著增加穗粒数和穗粒重，而对千粒重影响不显著．     

甘蔗叶片氮磷钾含量的研究

用桂糖１１作春桂的研究结果表明，叶片ＮＰＫ含量与施肥水平有关，在甘蔗生长的不同时期采样分析得到的叶片养分含量不一样，ＮＰ以株龄９７天时最高，Ｋ以株龄８１天时最高。经直线回归和多元回归分析发现，植后９７天的叶片ＮＰＫ含量与产量的相关程度最大。就７月上旬采样分析而言生长正常的叶片ＮＰＫ含量分别为２．９％，０．２４％和２．２％左右。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.