Long-Term Effect of Nitrogen and Tillage Management on Soil Carbon Pools in the Semiarid Northern Great Plains

No-tillage and manure application effect on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N) concentrations were studied under a 27-year-old 4-year rotation consisting corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-field pea (Pisum sativum L.). Under each crop, four applied N treatments were control, annual urea-N applications at the rate of 45 and 89 kg N ha^?1, and composted beef cattle feedlot manure-N at the rate 179 kg N ha^?1 applied once every four year. For each fertilizer treatment, no-till (NT) and conventional till (CT) were compared for basic soil properties, SOC, and total N within 0–15 cm soil. Manure application significantly reduced soil bulk density and increased SOC and total N over urea-N. Particulate organic matter, mineralizable N, and permanganate-oxidizable C fractions significantly related with SOC. Long-term manure additions and no-tillage had potential to improve soil compaction and maintain SOC over chemical fertilizer N and CT.     

Long-term amendment of four different compost types on a loamy silt Cambisol: impact on soil organic matter,nutrients and yields

This study investigated the long-term effects of different composts (urban organic waste compost (OWC), green waste compost (GWC), cattle manure compost (MC) and sewage sludge compost (SSC)) compared to mineral fertilisation on a loamy silt Cambisol, after a 7-year start-up period. The compost application rate was 175 kg N ha^?1, with 80 kg mineral N ha^?1 and without. Soil characteristics (soil organic carbon (SOC), carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio and soil pH), nutrients (nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K)) and crop yields were investigated between 1998 and 2012. SOC concentrations were increased by compost applications, being highest in the SSC treatments, as for soil pH. N contents were significantly higher with compost amendments compared to mineral fertilisation. The highest calcium-acetate-lactate (CAL)-extractable P concentrations were measured in the SSC treatments, and the highest CAL-extractable K concentrations in the MC treatments. Yields after compost amendment for winter barley and spring wheat were similar to 40 kg mineral N ha^?1 alone, whereas maize had comparable yields to 80 kg mineral N ha^?1 alone. We conclude that compost amendment improves soil quality, but that the overall carbon (C) and N cycling merits more detailed investigation.     

我国养禽业粪污排放·治理现状·建议

阐述了当前我国养禽业粪污排放现状,从对大气、水体和土壤的污染3个方面,分析了粪污外排对环境的影响,并介绍了我国家禽粪污主要治理技术,包括无害化处理技术、资源化利用技术。最后提出了我国家禽业粪污治理的几点建议,包括政府实施粪污治理政策要松紧有度,循序渐进;完善建立宏观、整体且行之有效的粪污综合治理措施;坚决执行种养结合的粪污消纳可持续发展战略。     

Stickstoff-Eintrag und -Verbleib im Boden unter offenen und abgedeckten Mistmieten

Nitrogen penetration and persistence in soil under uncovered and covered farmyard manure heaps
After deposition of cattle manure for 308 days neither the total nitrogen nor the nitrate but onlv the ammonia content in the soil (0–70 cm) was significantly increased. During a 258 days period from autumn to spring the observed microbial oxidation of penetrated ammonia to nitrate was tardy and by no means quantitative. So leaching of nitrate was hardly to be detected during the whole period. In the soil layer 40–70 cm a maximum of 1.6 g NO₃⁻-N/m² was measured, which was in an equivalent range with the amounts detected by large scale investigations in agricultural soils at the same season. Therefore the manure heaps in question did not lead to an uncommon increase of nitrate in soil. The protection of the heaps against precipitation simply brought about small and only a few times significant reductions in soil N_min content.     

宁南山区春玉米施肥现状及减施潜力

在宁南山区的固原市原州区和彭阳县调查65个春玉米种植户的产量、施肥量及肥料种类等。结果表明,该区域春玉米平均产量为9.4 t/hm~2,80%的调查农户春玉米产量处在适中及偏低以下水平(10.5 t/hm~2)。春玉米生产中N、P_2O_5、K2O养分的平均用量分别为353、253、370 kg/hm~2,其中,化肥N、P_2O_5投入分别为314、175 kg/hm~2,K2O全部来自有机肥。有机肥以牛粪为主(施用比例达89.2%),平均用量为25.6 t/hm~2。氮、磷养分的平均偏生产力分别是31.6、61.1 kg/kg;46.2%农户的化肥N施用量为300～400 kg/hm~2,52.3%农户的化肥P_2O_5用量为100～200 kg/hm~2;72.3%、83.0%的农户分别施用过量的化肥N、P_2O_5;化肥种类以二铵、尿素为主(施用比例分别达86.2%、83.1%)。该区域氮磷化肥减施潜力分别为26.8%和37.1%,宁南山区春玉米在有机肥大量施用的条件下,化肥氮磷减施是节本增效的关键措施。     

潇河灌区冷性土壤的快速培肥

通过潇河灌区冷性土培肥的研究，认为本区潜在肥源──牛奶场厩肥和城市垃圾肥有明显的改土培肥作用，应当充分利用。连续施用，能使土壤物理和化学性质都得到改善，３年平均每亩增产粮食８６１．８～１０９８．４ｋｇ，肥料利润率为３１０．９％～３６０．０％     

安徽亳州畜禽规模养殖场肥水还田试验初报

[目的]探索生猪、奶牛等产生粪水(含冲刷污水,下同)较多的规模养殖场,根据粪水产生量确立粪水收集池、厌氧发酵池和储存池的池容以及配套消纳的土地面积;依据肥水营养成分、土壤本底数的检测结果,结合小麦、玉米预计单产所需要的N素量,制定“一场一策”施肥方案,推动有机肥替代化肥减量行动。[方法]规模养殖场产生的粪水进行全量收集,用泵输送到沉淀池沉淀,经固液分离,粪水输送到厌氧发酵池进行深度厌氧发酵(不少于100天),实现粪水变肥水;粪渣运送到堆肥场进行好氧堆肥。在农时季节肥水作为基肥或稀释后作为追肥还田,通过加压泵将肥水注入田间管网,还田施用。[结果]4个小麦试验田块中,肥水替代部分化肥区小麦长势正常,叶色绿色—深绿色、株高75-78㎝、病虫害为未发—轻发;平均亩穗数为41.9万穗,比全量施用化肥区多2.6万穗,提高6.61%;平均穗粒数为36.8粒,比全量施用化肥区多1.7粒,提高4.84%;4个试验点中有2个点发生少量倒伏,肥水替代区田块倒伏程度明显低于全量施用化肥区。[结论]一是测算出每1万头猪当量的养殖场,需建设厌氧发酵池和肥水储存池总容积不少于7000 m3、配套消纳土地面积不少于1300亩;肥水pH在5.5—8.5之间,指标符合要求后方可还田。二是试验发现肥水施用量替代化肥氮素用量的50%,试验田块的当年投入养分达不到农作物需肥量的要求,应根据土壤基础肥力状况,逐年增加肥水施用量,实现逐年减少化肥施用量;建议肥水替代量调整为25-30%。     

基于磷平衡核算的畜禽粪便农田消纳研究

畜禽粪便在我国普遍作为肥料还田,但过量施用将带来面源污染.确定合理的施肥量,使得畜禽粪便在周边农田消纳的同时不带来环境风险.以北京市某种猪场为例,研究该猪场粪肥施入后农田磷平衡.综合肥料施入、秸秆还田、干/湿沉降、种子含磷等输入源以及作物收获、径流淋溶及土壤侵蚀等输出源,同时考虑农田合理磷盈余,计算得出该种猪场周边农田最佳磷施入量为46.45kg/（hm2·年）.该猪场实现种养平衡所需农田面积为50.48 hm2.该研究可为养殖场的粪便消纳及选址提供一种较可行的判定方法和思路.     

磷肥与有机肥配施对冬小麦产量的影响

采用裂区试验设计,在大田露地条播条件下,研究了磷肥不同用量与有机肥配施对冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明,在施N 150 kg/hm2的基础上,施P2O5150 kg/hm2、配施精鸡粪7500 kg/hm2（干重）处理的冬小麦产量最高,折合产量为5589.29 kg/hm2,较不施磷肥和精鸡粪的处理增产38.86%。     

黄绵土雨养农业区冬小麦磷肥投入阈值研究

在相同施氮水平下,试验分析了不同磷肥施用量与有机肥配施对黄绵土雨养农业区冬小麦产量的影响,结果表明,在相同施氮水平下,施磷150 kg/hm2配施有机肥7 500 kg/hm2处理的穗粒数、穗粒重及千粒重均高于不施有机肥、不施磷肥处理,且折合产量最高,为5 317.60 kg/hm2,较不施有机肥、不施磷肥增产52.71%。可作为天水市及周边地区冬小麦磷肥的投入阈值。