两种巨桉人工林地土壤抗蚀性的比较研究

[目的]揭示巨桉人工林组培苗和实生苗两种起源对土壤抗蚀性的影响。[方法]利用S形采样法在样地内采集多个样点,按上(0—10cm),中(10—20cm),下(20—30cm)三层分别利用环刀和塑料盒采集原状土壤,测定不同层次土壤容重、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、渗透速率、水稳性团聚体含量等。[结果](1)随着土壤深度增加,两种巨桉林地土壤容重呈现递增趋势,而总孔隙度和通气孔隙度呈递减趋势。组培巨桉林土壤容重低于实生苗巨桉林地,而土壤总孔隙度、通气孔隙度高于显著实生苗巨桉林地(p0.05);(2)随着土壤深度增加,两种巨桉林地土壤水稳性指数、抗蚀指数、团聚状况、团聚度和结构系数呈现下降趋势,水稳性指数和抗蚀指数达到显著水平(p0.05),而分散率和分散系数呈现升高趋势。组培巨桉林地不同土层的抗蚀指数和结构系数均高于实生苗巨桉林地,但分散系数均显著低于实生苗巨桉林地(p0.05);(3)随着土壤深度增加,两种巨桉林地土壤各粒径水稳性团聚体含量和平均重量直径(MWD)呈现出下降趋势,土壤结构体破坏率呈现上升趋势。组培苗巨桉林地不同土层各粒径(5mm;5~2mm;0.5~0.25mm;0.5mm;0.25mm)水稳性团聚体含量和MWD均高于实生苗林地,而结构体破坏率、2~1mm和1~0.5mm水稳性团聚体含量均低于实生苗巨桉林地。[结论]组培巨桉人工林的土壤抗蚀性更佳。     

红菇的分离及其培养特征观察

对广西浦北县红锥林保护区出产的主要商品红菇进行了调查，经组织分离获得了该种菇的纯培养。红菇需在高温高湿条件下生长，低温下保藏容易失活。红菇对培养基的营养有特殊的要求，其分解木质纤维素的能力较弱。     

苜蓿细胞悬浮培养与耐受高浓度PEG变异体的筛选

本文对紫花苜蓿的细胞悬浮培养、悬浮细胞系的建立、离体辐射效应和高浓度ＰＥＧ耐受性变异体的筛透进行了研究。结果表明：１．高浓度的２，４．Ｄ（５～１０ｍｇ／Ｌ），低浓度的ＡＢＡ（０．１～２ｍｇ／Ｌ），高浓度的蔗糖（６％～９％），较高的离子强度，以及逐步缩短继代时间，均有利于胚性悬浮细胞系的快速建立。相反，细胞分裂素，高浓度的ＮＨ和ＧＡａ的存在，不利于悬浮系的建立。细胞分裂素（４ＰＵ３０，ＫＴ或ＢＡ）可促进细胞的团聚，不利于细胞的分散。此外，低浓度的２，４－Ｄ，４ＰＵ３０（或ＢＡ，ＫＴ）和ＡＢＡ的配合使用，在悬浮培养基中可形成大量的体细胞胚。２．辐射处理悬浮细胞的最适剂量为２０～６０Ｇｙ。３．未经改造的初期悬浮培养物远较悬浮细胞系对高水势敏感。４．胚性悬浮细胞系经２０Ｇｙ的γ射线处理，筛选出了对１５％ＰＥＧ水势（约－１１巴）耐受性的克隆６个，并获得了一批再生植株，从２０％ＰＥＧ（约－１５巴）筛选出１个抗性克隆。抗性细胞系对高浓度ＰＥＧ和ＮａＣｌ产生的水势在细胞水平表现出很强的抗性。     

Effect of molecular complexity and acidity of earthworm faeces humic fractions on glutamate dehydrogenase,glutamine synthetase,and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Daucus carota α II cells

Carrot cells were grown in cultures supplemented with two hormones [2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (6BAP)] and two humic fractions extracted from earthworm faeces, one with high acidity and a low apparent molecular size (<3500) and the other with low acidity and a large molecular size. 2,4-D stimulated growth through an effect on cell enlargement, while the strongly acidic humic fraction (0.2 mg l^-1) and the weakly acidic fraction (1 mg l^-1) were both less effective. With 4–16 h of pre-incubation, the highly acid humic fraction, mainly alone, induced the best increase in protein content; the effect of the weakly acid humic fraction and the hormones was generally less important. The two humic fractions also differed in their influence on glutamate dehydrogenase activity. After 2 h of pretreatment, the highly acidic fraction increased glutamate dehydrogenase activity, while the other fraction did not affect it. After 4–16 h of pre-incubation, the activity of this enzyme was still not influenced by these humic fractions. The presence of the two hormones did not interfere with the humic matter effects. Glutamine synthetase activity was not affected by a pre-incubation of up to 4 h with the two humic fractions, but it was stimulated after 8–16 h of pre-incubation. A 2,4-D+6BAP mixture stimulated glutamine synthetase activity (from +12 to +50%). Again, the presence of the hormones did not interfere with the effects induced by the humic fractions. After 16 h of pre-incubation, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity was increased by the highly acidic humic fraction (+93%) and by both humic fractions together (+34%). An explanation of the different incubation times necessary for the humic fractions to exert stimulatory effects on these enzymes is proposed here. The regulatory properties of the strongly acidic humic fraction appeared to depend on the combination of high acidity (expecially carboxylic C) with low molecular size.     

60Co-γ射线对菊花组培苗的诱变效应

对菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)品种秋之山的组培苗, 采用5～30 Gy的60Co-γ射线照射处理。研究了γ射线对组培苗生长、增殖和生根的影响以及对组培再生植株移栽后生长开花的影响。结果表明20 Gy是γ射线处理菊花组培苗的致死剂量；从生根和继代培养生长和增殖的结果看，诱变处理的最佳剂量在10 Gy左右；组培再生植株移栽后发现，10 Gy处理的植株中花色变异率为8.2%。与对照花鲜艳的纯黄色相比，变异花增加了不同深浅的红色素，且突变植株均为同质稳定突变。     

玫瑰海棠组培快繁技术的研究

采用盆栽玫瑰海棠的叶片作外植体进行组织培养试验。结果表明:用0.1%HgC l2对叶片表面灭菌10 m in的死亡率和感染率较低,接种于3/4 M S 6-BA 2.5 m g/L NAA 1.0 m g/L 琼脂7.8 g/L 蔗糖25g/L的培养基上诱导出新生芽,在3/4 M S 6-BA 1.0 m g/L NAA 0.2 m g/L 琼脂7.8 g/L 蔗糖25 g/L的培养基上,增殖系数可达6~8;在1/2M S KT 2.0 m g/L NAA 0.3 m g/L 琼脂7.8 g/L 蔗糖25 g/L的培养基上培养25 d左右,可形成6~9条粗壮的根和2.0~3.0 cm高的完整植株,试管小苗带培养基移栽到泥炭 泥沙 锯屑(1∶1∶1)的基质上,成活率达95%。     

成年鲁西牛肌内前脂肪细胞的分离培养

建立牛肌内前脂肪细胞体外培养方法，旨在更深入地研究组成肌肉内脂肪组织的肌内前脂肪细胞的增殖分化特性及其影响因素。选取来自成年育肥鲁西黄牛第6与第7肋骨间的肌肉内脂肪组织，利用Ⅰ型胶原酶消化法分离获得牛肌内前脂肪细胞。培养出的细胞成分均一，增殖旺盛，分化率高，经形态学动态变化观察、生长曲线、油红O脂肪染色提取法及对胰岛素和地塞米松反应的测定，证明是功能活跃的前脂肪细胞，并在体外重现了其增殖分化过程，同时经染色体核型分析证明体外培养的细胞倍性正常，可以用于后续研究。本试验成功分离得到了成年育肥牛肌内前脂肪细胞，这为下一步研究肌内脂肪的沉积机制，改善牛肉品质奠定了基础。     

植酸对霍山石斛类原球茎悬浮培养细胞生长和多糖合成的影响

研究了植酸对霍山石斛类原球茎悬浮培养细胞生长、多糖合成和培养基中主要营养成分消耗的影响,并分析了细胞中可溶性还原糖、可溶性蛋白质、丙二醛含量以及过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶的活性。结果表明,植酸能抑制过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶的活性,提高细胞活力,从而促进细胞生长和多糖合成,以2.5g/L浓度的植酸效果最好,培养36d时,类原球茎干重为29.4g/L,多糖产量为2.06g/L。动力学分析表明,添加2.5g/L的植酸还有利于碳、氮、磷等营养物质的吸收。     

Ecology of the earthworm Allolobophora carpathica in field and laboratory studies

Allolobophora carpathica is an earthworm species found in the Eastern Carpathian mountain region, but little information is available on its ecology. Field sampling in beech woodland of the Bieszczady National Park, SE Poland, found this species in soils with a pH of less than 5.0 and C:N ratios of 12 to 13. From sampling over 2 years, at 4 sites with differing sub-vegetation, a mean density of A. carpathica of 6.75 individuals m^-2 with a biomass of 8.65 g.m^-2 was recorded. The largest mature adults were in excess of 14.0 g but there were significant differences (p < 0.01) between sampling sites. Seasonal patterns of abundance were observed.To obtain more data on the growth and breeding biology of this species, specimens were collected from the field, taken to laboratories and maintained in mesocosms under controlled environmental conditions. Cocoon production was 0.88 cocoons per earthworm per month at 15^oC, but under fluctuating temperature conditions (16 - 24^oC) no cocoon production occurred. The mean cocoon biomass was 83 mg  (n = 104) and incubation took 178 days at 15^oC (n = 14), although hatchability was low (22%) under these conditions. Growth from the hatchling stage, (mean mass 86 mg; n = 18), to maturity (c. 8.5 g) took 8 - 12 months at 12^oC.     

中药有效成分对小鼠2-细胞胚胎体外发育的作用

如何获得更多具有活力的可操作的桑椹胚、囊胚一直是胚胎体外培养的研究热点。近二十年来,虽经采用改进培养液成分、改善培养条件、建立体细胞与胚胎共培养体系和添加生长因子、细胞因子等手段,胚胎质量有所提高,但体外受精卵的囊胚发育率仍远低于体内受精,与体内受精囊胚相比,体外受精囊胚的细胞总数和内细胞团细胞数量明显减少,胚胎移植妊娠率和产仔率较低,这些问题均严重影响了胚胎工厂化生产和胚胎产业化的发展,以及育种工作的进程。因此,探索开辟胚胎体外培养生长发育的新途径,提高其发育率和移植妊娠率显得尤为必要。目前,国内外有关中草药有效成分对体外胚胎发育作用的研究甚少。本研究以ICR小鼠2-细胞胚胎为试验材料,将中药有效成分黄芩苷(Baicalin,Bai)、川芎嗪(Ligustrazine,Lig)和小檗碱(Berberine,BR)添加于mCZB基础液中,并以添加双抗的mCZB基础液为试验对照组,比较其对胚胎体外发育的影响。结果表明,体外培养120 h的胚胎孵化率,Bai组(80.6%)、Lig组(78.3%)及BR组(75.9%)极显著高于对照组(51.8%)(P<0.01)。孵化胚胎细胞计数,BR组、Lig组和Bai组(分别为87.2±8.6、83.9±7.7和81.9±6.2),与对照组(77.4±5.6)差异极显著(P<0.01)。说明3种中药有效成分均能显著促进小鼠早期胚胎的体外发育及胚胎细胞增殖。为进一步探讨Bai、Lig、BR对胚胎体外培养发育的效果和验证其胚胎质量,将不同组别培养至桑椹、囊胚期的胚胎进行两种程序常规冷冻,解冻后继续培养,观察其冷冻效果,并将各组解冻后发育至囊胚期胚胎移植。结果表明:冷冻解冻桑椹胚体外培养8~14 h囊胚发育率,程序一中Bai组(65.8%)和Lig组(81.1%)分别显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)地高于对照组(48.6%)和BR组(46.7%);程序二中Bai组(80.6%)、Lig组(78.3%)极显著高于对照组(55.2%)和BR组(47.6%)(P<0.01)。冷冻解冻囊胚体外培养6~8 h囊胚发育率,程序一中各组间无显著差异(P>0.05);程序二中,中药有效成分各组间差异不显著(P>0.05),但均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。两种冷冻程序效果差异不显著(P>0.05)。移植妊娠率和产仔率,Bai组(56.3%,63.3%)、Lig组(52.6%,67.3%)和BR组(55.0%,60.5%)均高于对照组(46.2%,52.8%)。说明3种中药有效成分对于提高小鼠2-细胞胚胎体外发育质量具有一定促进作用,并有利于提高冷冻解冻后移植胚胎的发育潜力。