带状留茬间作减轻旱作农田土壤风蚀的生态效应研究

针对阴山北麓农牧交错带干旱少雨,风大风多,风蚀沙化严重的现状,深入分析了影响农田风蚀沙化的各种因素,研究提出了防沙型带状留茬间作轮作技术。结果表明:采用带状留茬间作轮作技术,冬春风蚀季节可以降低留茬带风蚀量幅度基本为68.5%～88.7%,由于留茬带的保护作用,降低间作裸露带风蚀量幅度为42.4%～68.3%。在减轻风蚀的同时,带状留茬间作轮作保持了由于秋季耕翻松土的多蓄降水作用,降低了冬春季节近地面风速和水分蒸发,同时还拦截了冬雪,播种时有留茬带保护的间作裸露带0～1m土层贮水量提高15～41.5mm。由于带状留茬间作轮作的集水、保墒和边际效应,增产作用明显,增产幅度为12%～75%。     

甘薯脱毒薯特性鉴定及亲本利用评价

 选用目前生产上推广面积较大的几个品种，经多年多点鉴定结果表明，脱毒甘薯不同地点、品种、年份均表现增产，增产幅度为１４．９５％～９１．６１％。甘薯脱毒后干物质含量、抗病性则无明显变化。脱毒薯比非脱毒薯地上部生长旺盛，后期干物质积累优势突出。用脱毒苗作有性杂交亲本比对照结实率略高，植株开花性状、实生后代表现无明显差异。     

干旱气候变化对西南干旱河谷农业的影响及适应性对策研究

在干旱气候变化情境下,西南干旱河谷生态环境的脆弱性和发展滞后,会进一步强化其农业不利的发展环境。为改变干旱河谷农业资源独特但利用粗放的现实,需妥善处理好资源开发与生态环境的关系,明确干旱河谷农业适应干旱气候变化的原则。最后提出发展现代草地畜牧业、加强特色农业与农业产业化建设、注重生态农业开发、构建现代农业节水技术推广体系、大力发展服务＂三农＂的第三产业和因地制宜地进行水利设施基础建设和可再生能源开发的西南干旱河谷农业适应性对策。     

Standards and corporate reconstruction in the Michigan dry bean industry

Since the turn of the lastcentury, Michigan farmers, elevators, and stategovernment have used production and processstandards to shape the dry bean industry totheir interests and set a worldwide standardfor quality dry beans. Over the last 20 years,however, multinational agro/food firms haveintroduced their market criteria into standardssetting, and recent changes in Michigan beanstandards largely accommodate the interests ofthese firms. A review of the changes in thesestandards over time allows us to explore howconcepts of accountability and control improveour understanding of changes in the structureand operation of food production and marketing.What is the measure of state governmentaccountability to corporate capital and to thestate's bean farmers? In what ways can farmersuse standards to re-assert their priorities andgain a greater measure of influence overmarketing? What challenges do changing qualitystandards pose for public research as well asfor the institutions representing Michiganfarmers and elevators?     

SSR标记技术在玉米品种纯度鉴定上的利用研究

采用玉米单粒种子DNA的提取新方法,对提取的DNA经4.5%PA胶进行电泳检测。结果表明:此法具有快速、DNA分子量大、不降解和纯度高等优点,完全可以满足利用SSR分子标记进行DNA指纹分析的需要,为DNA指纹鉴定技术在玉米种子纯度及玉米分子标记辅助育种中的广泛应用提供了基础。     

Water management options based on rainfall analysis for rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) production in Rushinga district, Zimbabwe

Maize (Zea mays L.), the dominant and staple food crop in Southern and Eastern Africa, is preferred to the drought-tolerant sorghum and pearl millet even in semi-arid areas. In semi-arid areas production of maize is constrained by droughts and poor rainfall distribution. The best way to grow crops in these areas is through irrigation, but limited areal extent, increasing water scarcity, and prohibitive development costs limit the feasibility of irrigation. Therefore, there is need for a policy shift towards other viable options. This paper presents daily rainfall analysis from Rushinga district, a semi-arid location in Northern Zimbabwe. The purpose of the rainfall analysis was to assess opportunities and limitations for rainfed maize production using 25 years of data. Data was analysed using a variety of statistical methods that include trend analysis, t-test for independent samples, rank-based frequency analysis, Spearman's correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney's U test. The results showed no evidence of change in rainfall pattern. The mean seasonal rainfall was 631 mm with a standard deviation (SD) of 175 mm. December, January and February consistently remained the major rainfall months. The results depicted high inter-annual variability for both annual and seasonal rainfall totals, a high incidence of droughts ≥3 out of every 10 years and ≥1 wet year in 10 years. Using the planting criteria recommended in Zimbabwe, most of the plantings would occur from the third decade of November with the mode being the first decade of December. This predisposes the rainfall to high evaporation and runoff losses especially in December when the crop is still in its initial stage of growth. On average 5 to more than 20 days dry spells occupy 56% of the rainy season. Seasonal rainfall exhibited negative correlation (P < 0.001; R = −0.746) with cumulative dry spell length, and wet years were free from dry spells exceeding 20 days. The most common dry spells (6-10 days), are in the range in which irrigated crops survive on available soil water. Therefore, they can be mitigated by in situ rainwater harvesting (RWH) and water conservation. The potential evapotranspiration of a 140-day maize crop was estimated to be 540 mm. Consequently, short season maize cultivars that mature in less than 140 days could be grown successfully in this area in all but drought years. However, sustainable maize production can only be achieved with careful management of the soil as a medium for storing water, which is essential for buffering against dry spells. To this end soil restorative farming systems are recommended such as conservation farming, in situ RWH techniques for dry spell mitigation and a cropping system that includes drought-tolerant cereal crops as for example sorghum and pearl millet, and perennial carbohydrate sources as for example cassava to provide stable crop yields.     

甘蔗叶干法厌氧发酵工艺研究

为实现甘蔗叶的能源化利用,采用干法厌氧发酵方法研究发酵原料总固体含量为20%时,不同接种量、草粪比以及发酵温度对甘蔗叶产气量和产甲烷的影响。结果表明：接种量在30%和40%时发酵可以正常启动,接种量为40%时总产气量最高,但发酵后期甲烷含量下降很快;草粪比为1∶1和2∶1时总产气量高,甲烷含量均在60%以上,产气效果明显好于草粪比为1∶0的处理组;发酵温度为35℃时,总产气量和甲烷含量最高,发酵温度为30℃和40℃时总产气量相差不大。甘蔗叶干法厌氧发酵产沼气效果较好的工艺参数为：接种量30%、草粪比1∶1和发酵温度35℃。各处理组在甲烷含量达到最高值之前,甲烷含量与发酵时间之间呈现很强的线性相关性。产气高峰过后,虽然日产气量明显下降,但气体中甲烷含量下降幅度不大。     

内蒙古东部区主要作物降水利用率与生产潜力研究

2000～2002年在内蒙古东部区四盟市开展了主要作物降水利用率与生产潜力的研究。经过3年的调查研究,建立了大豆、玉米等六大主栽作物的降水生产潜力模型,分析讨论了各地区不同作物降水资源的利用现状。     

固沙植物甘草与土地荒漠化探析

阐述了我国甘草资源分布现状以及甘草在干旱荒漠区的生态作用 ,指出实行围栏护育和人工种植 ,是保护甘草资源 ,恢复干旱半干旱荒漠地区生态平衡 ,防止土壤荒漠化的有效途径