安徽省油菜花期连阴雨灾害损失评估指标

基于安徽省油菜主产区1980-2009年44个气象台站逐日气象资料和油菜产量资料,采用数理统计方法,获得油菜历年灾损率以及花期连阴雨特征量指标即连阴雨日数、持续降水量和日照时数。按照引入因子对产量的影响最大且因子之间相关性较低的原则,筛选出连阴雨关键致灾因子并确定致灾因子临界值。最后利用K-均值聚类分析方法,建立油菜花期连阴雨灾害评估等级指标,并利用2010-2014年连阴雨灾害样本进行验证。结果表明,油菜花期的连阴雨日数和持续降水量与减产率相关性较高,且因子间相关性较低,可作为连阴雨灾害评估的关键因子;连阴雨日数致灾临界值为3d,持续降水量致灾临界值在江淮区、沿江区和皖南地区分别为20、50和70mm。利用聚类分析法构建的包括江淮、沿江和皖南地区的安徽省油菜主产区花期连阴雨灾害评估指标为：轻度灾损率5%～10%、中度10%～20%、重度20%～30%和特重≥30%,其历史回代和独立样本检验表明轻度和中度准确率较高（88%～100%）,重度和特重准确率相对较低（65%～70%）。     

Plankton indices explain interannual variability in Prince William Sound herring first year growth

This study examines the relationships between first year growth of juvenile Prince William Sound herring, temperature and their food. We present time series of herring first year growth, determined from scale measurements as a proxy for herring length, water temperature and indices of multiple trophic levels of plankton obtained from Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) sampling on the adjacent Gulf of Alaska shelf. We show that there was a significant correlation between herring growth and water temperature, when the three warmest years were excluded (the mean July and August temperatures were greater than 12.5°C in 1989, 2004 and 2005). There were also strong, significant relationships between the abundance of appropriately sized (for first‐feeding herring) planktonic prey groups and herring growth. First year herring growth was greater in years with higher abundances of diatoms, microzooplankton and small mesozooplankton but not related to variability in abundance of larger mesozooplankton (such as euphausiids and large copepods). Furthermore, the strong interannual relationship between diatoms and herring growth held true even in the warmest years where the relationship between temperature and growth broke down. We also found seasonal timing and abundance changes in the plankton in warm years that would make the prey more abundant during the summer months immediately after metamorphosis of the herring larvae. We thus conclude that young‐of‐the‐year herring may grow better in warm years because the timing of key prey is a better match for their first feeding.     

药用植物的化感自毒作用与连作障碍

本文阐述了药用植物化感自毒作用的概念、产生机理和作用特点,指出药用植物的药用活性成分与化感自毒物质的同源性是药用植物栽培中连作障碍与化感自毒作用更重要的根本原因.文章分析了连作障碍产生的原因与药用植物化感自毒作用的关系,结合作者运用DGGE和T-RFLP技术对根际土壤微生物区系的系统研究结果,提出综合运用农艺措施减缓连作障碍与化感自毒作用的危害.     

菊花不同部位及根际土壤水浸液处理对光合作用的自毒作用研究

菊花[Dendranthema morifolium(Ramat)Tzvel.]的自毒作用是菊花连作障碍发生机理研究的重要内容之一.本文研究了连作障碍比较明显的菊花栽培种"高压太子"不同部位(枯落物、叶、茎和根系)及根际土壤水浸液处理对盆栽同种菊花光合作用的影响,结果表明:不同部位和根际土壤水浸液处理对叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率及气孔导度均表现出抑制趋势,而暗呼吸速率却受到促进,尤以地上部水浸液的抑制作用为显著.说明降低自身叶绿素含量、净光合速率及气孔导度,即抑制自身的光合作用,同时促进自身暗呼吸是菊花自毒作用的机制之一.     

玉米套种绿肥模式对连作田土壤肥力及产量的影响

对连作玉米田套种绿肥模式进行了试验研究。结果表明,合理的套种能最大限度地提高土地利用率,绿肥翻压后能改善土壤结构,提高土壤肥力,是实现玉米高产高效栽培的有效途径。与农民常规种植相比,玉米套种箭舌豌豆,宽行距90cm、窄行距40cm,土壤有机质含量提高12．8％,玉米增产13．2％。     

加乐多土壤调理剂在瓜类蔬菜连作地上的应用效果

为改善瓜类蔬菜种植地连作障碍,探讨了土壤调理剂加乐多的应用效果。试验结果表明,与未施加乐多的处理相比,施用加乐多后,瓠子植株长势旺盛,分枝多,产量增加233．8kg／667m2,增产12％,增收1636．6元／667m2;且提高了土壤pH值,增强了瓠子的耐涝性和抗霜霉病和灰霉病的能力。     

Influence of water regime on growth,yield, and nitrogen uptake of rice

Abstract

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to study the effects of water regime on growth of rice. The greenhouse experiment investigated the effects of two water regimes‐continuous flooding and flooding with soil drying between crops for 2 to 3 weeks on the growth of rice during six cropping (for six week each) on seven soils varying widely in total N contents (0.07 to 0.35%). The results averaged for the 7 soils indicated that the drymatter production or N uptake of rice was not affected by the water regimes during the six croppings.

The field experiment conducted during the dry season for two consecutive years (1976 and 1977) on a near neutral clay soil studied the effects of three water regimes (continuous flooding alternate flooding and soil drying every 2 weeks, and continuous flooding with 2 weeks mid season soil drying after 6 weeks of transplanting) and three levels of fertilizer N (0, 100 and 200 kg N/ha as urea) on grain yield and N uptake of rice. The results confirmed the absence of any significant reduction in grain yield or N uptake as a result of any of the soil drying treatments during the growing season on the unfertilized plots carrying a rice crop. On the plots fertilized with 100 or 200 kg N/na, alternate flooding and drying resulted in a significant depression in both grain yield and N uptake. Soil analysis supported heavy losses of N in the fertilized plots that underwent alternate flooding and soil drying apparently by nitrification and denitrification reactions.

The results of this study suggest that alternate flooding and drying of soils in the presence of established rice plants itiay not cause a significant loss of nitrogen in unfertilized plots although in plots fertilized with high rates of N the losses may be large as indicated by the performance of rice crop.     

硅酸钾与密旋链霉菌Act12菌剂配施对连作草莓生长、果实产量及品质的影响

为了探索硅酸钾与生防放线菌配合施用对草莓连作障碍的修复效果,以"红太后"草莓为材料,采用日光温室栽培,研究了硅酸钾与密旋链霉菌Act12菌剂配施对连作草莓生长、果实产量及品质的影响。结果表明:(1)硅酸钾与密旋链霉菌Act12菌剂配施对日光温室连作草莓具有明显的防病促生作用,可使连作3年草莓1级苗比例提高44.7%,3级苗比例下降58.3%,连作4年草莓死亡率降至0%;连作3年草莓植株总鲜重、根鲜重、叶片数及叶片鲜重分别增加73.7%、71.3%、11.1%及38.7%。(2)硅酸钾与密旋链霉菌Act12菌剂配施对草莓开花、果实产量及品质有明显影响,可使连作3年草莓开花提前10 d,花蕾数提高17.0%,果实数、单果鲜重及单株产量分别增加18.6%、90.6%及126.2%,盛果期草莓果实可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比及维生素C含量分别提高21.7%、36.2%及27.0%;可显著提高连作4年草莓单果鲜重和单株产量(P<0.05),增幅分别为194.7%和359.1%。(3)硅酸钾与密旋链霉菌Act12菌剂配施可提高草莓的诱导抗性,草莓叶片可溶性蛋白含量和盛果期PPO酶活性分别提高67.4%和101.0%。由此可知,硅酸钾与密旋链霉菌Act12菌剂配施可显著促进连作草莓生长,提高果实产量及品质,增强植株抗病性,可有效缓解日光温室草莓连作障碍,在生产上具有较好应用潜力。     

植烟土壤提取物质对烟株生长及根际土壤细菌多样性的影响

对盆栽烟草外源添加不同浓度植烟土壤提取物质(T1:40μg·mL-1;T2:120μg·mL-1;CK:蒸馏水对照),探讨植烟土壤提取物质对烟草生长及土壤细菌多样性的影响。结果表明,植烟土壤提取物处理使烟株生长受抑制,且随处理浓度的增加受抑制程度显著提高,具体表现为烟株变矮,叶面积变小,光合作用能力降低,且烟草的保护酶系统受到破坏,丙二醛含量随处理浓度加大而增加,T2处理的丙二醛含量是对照的3.44倍。对外源添加物质处理后烟草根际土壤微生物T-RFs分析发现,在对照检测到17个门24个纲,T1处理有14个门21个纲,T2有10个门17个纲;丰富度指数的变化也和门纲的变化一致,随着处理浓度的增加而显著降低。可见外源添加物质处理后,根际土壤细菌群落减少,多样性水平下降。对各处理的根际土壤微生物T-RFs变化与烟株生长变化进行相关性分析表明,在外源添加物质处理的土壤中存在较多的负相关T-RFs片段,且这些片段中较多为病原菌;而正相关的T-RFs片段主要存在于对照土壤中,其中有较多与土壤营养元素循环相关的微生物。本研究结果显示,在外源添加植烟土壤提取物质处理下,烟草的生长受抑制,烟草根际土壤的微生态受到破坏,且随浓度的提升而加重。因此,连作土壤中自毒物质的富集是造成烟草连作障碍的主要原因。关键词烟草连作障碍根际细菌自毒作用T-RFLP     

重茬烤烟的烟碱积累和分配规律研究

烟叶生产中普遍存在重茬现象, 连续重茬对烟株发育和烟叶品质带来不良影响。为了给烟叶生产中合理选择种植方式提供理论依据, 并为今后深入研究烤烟重茬的障碍机理和合理解决烤烟重茬问题奠定基础,本试验在黑龙江省烤烟重茬较普遍的肇州县永胜乡, 采用田间小区试验, 研究了自然肥力和常规施肥条件下不同重茬年限烤烟的烟碱含量、积累与分配的关系。结果表明, 重茬烤烟移栽后3~11 周为烟碱缓慢积累期,11~17 周为快速积累期, 比新茬两个积累期晚2 周。收获时新茬烟碱积累量达到87.56 kg·hm^-2(自然肥力)和128.31 kg·hm^-2(常规施肥), 相同肥力下重茬烤烟积累量随重茬年限增加而显著降低。重茬烤烟根茎内烟碱分配比例随重茬年限增加而降低, 叶片中分配比例增加, 中下部烘烤烟叶烟碱含量升高, 上部叶烟碱含量降低;重茬烤烟烟碱的变化规律不因土壤肥力改变而发生变化。烤烟重茬栽培5 年后, 所有部位烟叶均未达到卷烟厂规定的优质烟叶烟碱含量标准。综合分析认为, 烤烟重茬栽培后, 烟碱积累、分配及烘烤烟叶中烟碱含量均会发生显著变化, 使烤烟烟叶质量降低, 重茬栽培不宜超过5 年。