不同种植模式土壤水浸提液对胡麻的化感效应

采用浸提液生物测试法研究了不同种植模式土壤水浸提液对胡麻的化感效应。结果表明:1)不同处理土壤水浸提液对胡麻种子萌发有不同程度的抑制作用,高浓度处理比低浓度处理抑制作用更强,且抑制效应由大到小依次是胡麻连作胡-麦间作撂荒小麦连作,说明胡麻连作更能产生连作障碍,自毒效应明显;2)不同处理土壤水浸提液对胡麻幼苗的苗鲜重、根鲜重、根长有不同程度的抑制作用,且高浓度主要抑制苗鲜重、根鲜重和根长,低浓度主要抑制根鲜重、根长,胡麻连作和撂荒处理对幼苗生长抑制要大于胡-麦间作和小麦连作处理;3)不同处理土壤水浸提液对胡麻影响的综合效应随浸提液浓度的升高而增大,而小麦连作高浓度处理比低浓度处理抑制作用变化不明显,且综合效应由大到小依次是胡麻连作撂荒胡-麦间作小麦连作;4)不同种植模式处理土壤可以减轻胡麻连作产生的化感效应,处理顺序为小麦连作胡-麦间作胡麻连作。综上所述,胡麻连作障碍问题确实存在,合理的作物布局有利于改善由于胡麻自身化感物质积累所造成的连作障碍。     

连作自毒物质与根际微生物互作研究进展

连作障碍是农业生产中普遍存在的现象,与根际微生态失衡有直接关系,导致病原微生物富集,土壤从抑病型转向导病型,造成植物生长变弱、病虫害爆发、产量和品质下降。植物化感自毒物质在根际微生态破坏方面具有直接作用。自毒物质具有选择性培养基的作用,伴随植物生长不断积累,刺激根际病原菌生长而抑制有益微生物生长,导致根际微生物群落结构失衡,病原菌增加,植物病害爆发。自毒物质和根际微生物的互作关系从四个方面总结综述,包括自毒作用、自毒物质、自毒物质与根际微生物互作及植物根际促生菌缓解连作障碍。     

铜胁迫对嫁接和自根黄瓜幼苗光合作用及营养元素吸收的影响

以"新泰密刺"黄瓜/黑籽南瓜嫁接苗和"新泰密剌"自根苗为材料,采用日光温室水培的方法研究了铜胁迫下嫁接对黄瓜幼苗光合作用和营养元素吸收的影响.结果表明,铜(Cu2+)胁迫6 d后,嫁接和自根黄瓜幼苗叶片叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量显著降低;净光合速率和气孔导度显著下降,胞闻CO2浓度随Cu2+离子浓度的增加而降低,但各浓度处理间差异并不显著;电解质渗漏率明显升高,细胞膜透性发生改变;根系和叶片中的营养元素(N、K、Ca、Mg)含量明显降低.嫁接黄瓜幼苗叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、净光合速率、营养元素含量显著高于自根黄瓜,电解质渗漏率显著低于自根黄瓜.嫁接黄瓜幼苗叶片中Cu2+含量显著低于自根黄瓜,表明嫁接能够明显减少Cu2+向叶片的运输,缓解Cu2+毒害作用.     

连作西瓜光合特性及抗病性对小麦伴生的响应

连作障碍是限制设施西瓜栽培的重要因素,利用植物间化感作用的伴生栽培模式是解决连作障碍的有效手段。为探讨小麦品种‘D125’伴生对连作西瓜生长的效应,采用连作西瓜土壤进行盆栽试验,设置西瓜单作和小麦伴生西瓜2个处理,研究连作西瓜光合特性及抗病性对小麦伴生的响应。结果表明,西瓜定植40 d时,伴生小麦与单作相比,西瓜叶片光合速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度分别提高32.2%、28.5%、7.8%,叶片叶绿素总量、叶绿素a含量和叶绿素a/b分别增加7.5%、8.4%和3.2%,且差异显著;西瓜定植60 d时,伴生小麦与单作相比,西瓜叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度分别提高52.9%、116.7%、33.8%,叶片叶绿素总量、叶绿素a含量和叶绿素a/b分别提高5.8%、7.1%、4.9%,均达到差异显著水平。但两个处理间的初始荧光、可变荧光、PSⅡ最大光化学效率、PSⅡ实际光化学效率及光化学猝灭系数无显著差异;西瓜白粉病病情指数降低6.3%。西瓜定植40 d后,伴生小麦与单作相比,西瓜叶片MDA含量和PAL活性分别降低44.43%和8.68%,SOD和PPO活性升高17.3%和84.5%;西瓜定植60 d,叶片PAL活性显著高于单作,MDA含量、SOD和PPO活性无显著差异。可见连作西瓜对伴生小麦产生了积极的响应,伴生小麦具有提高连作西瓜净光合速率,减缓西瓜叶片衰老,延长光合功能期的作用,提升了连作西瓜的抗病性。     

氯胁迫对大白菜幼苗叶绿素含量及光合作用的影响

采用土培实验,研究了氯胁迫(0,0.1,0.15,0.2 mol.L-1)对大白菜幼苗生长以及光合作用的影响。结果表明,较低浓度氯处理(0.1 mol.L-1)对大白菜幼苗叶绿素含量和光合作用没有明显影响。高氯(0.2 mol.L-1)胁迫处理,显著降低了白菜幼苗鲜重、干物质重、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和叶绿素总量(Chla Chlb),提高了胞间CO2(Ci)浓度,说明非气孔限制可能是促进Pn降低的主要原因。     

谷胱甘肽对自毒作用下辣椒叶片光合特性的影响

以当地辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)主栽品种"陇椒5号"和"七寸红"为试材,研究自毒作用下不同浓度外源谷胱甘肽(GSH)对辣椒幼苗叶绿素含量、光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以探讨GSH对辣椒自毒作用的缓解效果和生理作用机制。结果表明:单一叶浸提液处理(CK2)后,2个品种辣椒叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSII有效光能转化效率(Fv’/Fm’)和实际光化学效率(ФPSII)均较清水处理(CK1)降低,初始荧光(Fo)升高,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)则先升后降。说明辣椒叶浸提液引起的自毒作用导致光合作用的下降主要是由于非气孔因素引起的。含有不同浓度GSH的叶浸提液处理后,叶绿素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、Fv’/Fm’和ФPSII与单一辣椒叶浸提液处理相比均有一定程度的回升,Ci和Fo均较叶浸提液处理的降低。说明外源GSH能够提高自毒作用下辣椒幼苗叶片CO2的利用率,降低非气孔因素的伤害,进而缓解自毒物质对辣椒幼苗的毒害。研究表明,适合缓解陇椒5号和七寸红自毒作用的GSH浓度分别为50和30mg.L-1。     

基于五水转化装置的玉米光合特性分析

利用中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所“五水转化动力过程实验装置”,开展温室条件下玉米净光合速率及其关键影响因子的实验观测研究,探索玉米各生育阶段、植株各叶位叶片净光合速率的分布特征及其与叶片生理生态参数的关联性。结果表明：玉米全生育期内叶片净光合速率、叶绿素含量、气孔导度和氮含量均呈单峰曲线型变化趋势,但净光合速率峰值出现时间在乳熟期,比前人观测的大田峰值出现时间（抽雄吐丝期）晚一个生育期,且数值较低;净光合速率与叶绿素含量、气孔导度随叶位的变化大体呈现中间叶位高、基部与顶端叶位低的分布特征。各生育阶段玉米净光合速率与叶绿素含量间的相关系数最高（R=0.94,P＜0.05）,其次为净光合速率与叶片N含量的相关性及其与气孔导度的相关性（R=0.77,P＜0.05）;各叶位净光合速率与气孔导度的变化特征一致。该装置更适合进行气候变化、水分变化、养分变化等控制实验研究。     

不同施肥处理对香梨膨果期光合特性的影响

在田间条件下,利用CIRAS-2型光合仪对不同施肥处理的库尔勒香梨膨果期光合特性日变化进行了测定.结果表明:香梨叶片净光合速率日变化表现为双峰曲线,峰型较弱或不明显,具有光合“午休”现象.气孔导度和气孔限制值的日变化与净光合速率日变化基本保持一致,呈双峰型,气孔导度峰型明显而气孔限制值峰型较弱.胞间CO2浓度日变化与净光合速率相反,呈双谷型.蒸腾速率日变化曲线呈单峰型,水分利用效率日变化则呈单谷型.施肥对香梨叶片的叶绿素含量、叶面积指数和光合特性都有显著影响.不同施肥处理下,香梨叶片的叶绿素含量和叶面积指数施肥效应均表现为:N＞P＞K.光合特性施肥效应各不相同,净光合速率与水分利用效率表现为:K＞P＞N,蒸腾速率表现为:P＞N＞K,气孔导度表现为:K＞N＞P.     

镉对小白菜光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

镉(Cd)是植物生长的有毒元素,在植物体中过量积累可以对植物造成毒害[1-2].Cd能通过降低叶绿素的含量[3-4]、改变叶绿体的超微结构[5]、抑制与光合作用有关的酶活性[6-7]等途径影响光合作用.有关Cd胁迫条件下,植物净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)下降在小白菜[8]等植物上已有报道.     

根系提取物对烤烟的自毒作用研究

为了明确连作烤烟的自毒作用，研究了烤烟根系提取物对烤烟种子萌发、烟苗干物质积累、烟苗根系生长发育及烟苗光合参数的影响。结果表明，随着根系提取物浓度的增加，烤烟种子发芽率、烟苗根系总根长、总根面积、总根体积、根尖数、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率逐渐降低；平均根系直径，烟苗地上部干、湿重，地下部干、湿重及总干、湿重，总叶绿素含量，净光合速率均表现为先升高后降低的趋势；气孔限制值逐渐升高。烟草根系提取物对烤烟种子萌发及烟苗生长发育具有明显的抑制作用。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.