我国三个典型流域人类活动净氮输入量估算及其影响因素

目的 人类活动氮素过量投入是引起面源污染的重要原因之一。阐明人类活动净氮输入量的时空分布特征及其影响因素,为解决面源氮素污染问题提供数据支持。方法 利用人类活动净氮输入量（net anthropogenic nitrogen input,NANI）模型,通过统计年鉴和文献综述获得NANI相关数据和参数,对农业化的香溪河流域、城镇化的太湖流域和全面推进农业绿色发展模式的洱海流域的净氮输入量进行评估。结果 从NANI强度上看,3个典型流域NANI平均值按照大小排序为：太湖流域（13 241 kg·km^-2·a^-1）、香溪河流域（2 183 kg·km^-2·a^-1）、洱海流域（1 582 kg·km^-2·a^-1）。从来源上看,氮肥施入（Nfer）和食品/饲料氮（Nim）是NANI最大来源,占比58%—97%,对NANI贡献从大到小排序为：氮肥施入、食品/饲料氮输入、氮沉降输入、作物固氮输入。从时间尺度看,2019年同2010年相比,香溪河流域NANI中食品/饲料氮输入比例下降23个百分点,氮沉降比例上升34个百分点;洱海流域NANI中氮肥施入比例下降86个百分点;太湖流域NANI中食品/饲料氮输入比例上升31个百分点,作物固氮量和氮沉降输入比例下降14个百分点和12个百分点。从影响因素上看,3个典型流域NANI与城镇人口密度均呈现显著相关性（P<0.05）,且随城镇人口密度的增加NANI随之升高;耕地面积占比与NANI的拟合上,香溪河流域有显著影响（P<0.05）,但洱海流域和太湖流域均无显著影响（P>0.05）。结论 香溪河流域中昭君镇、峡口镇和黄粮镇,洱海流域中下关镇、上关镇和凤仪镇,太湖流域中张家港市、嘉兴市秀城区、杭州市拱墅区和上海市南汇区是NANI的关键源区;以农业为主的香溪河流域化肥施入是NANI的主要来源;城镇化程度较高的太湖流域食品/饲料氮和肥料氮投入是NANI主要来源;农业绿色发展措施可显著减少人类活动净氮输入量。因此,在关键源区大力推广农业绿色发展措施,同时有效降低饲料和肥料的投入量,有利于控制农业面源污染。     

引江济淮工程菜子湖线有机磷农药分布特征及生态风险评价

选取引江济淮工程重要的输水线之一菜子湖线为研究对象,检测分析了12种有机磷农药（organophosphorus pesticides,OPPs）在沿线水体和沉积物中的污染水平、分布特征及生态环境风险,以更好地评估引江济淮工程菜子湖线水域农药类环境激素的污染及生态风险情况。结果表明,水体中 OPPs 的总浓度范围为112.8 ~ 1781.4 ng/L,主要以溴硫磷、三硫磷和灭线磷为主;沉积物中 OPPs 的总浓度范围为 290.33 ~ 13105.25 ng/g,主要以灭线磷、治螟磷和毒虫畏为主。相对于我国其他水域,引江济淮工程菜子湖线水体和沉积物中 OPPs的主要污染物类别差异较大。水体中 OPPs 生态风险评估结果表明,溴硫磷、三硫磷和毒虫畏在菜子湖线全域均表现出较高生态风险（RQ > 1）,C、D、H 和 K 这4个站点 OPPs 风险较高（RQ > 10000）,敌敌畏和治螟磷在大部分水域表现出中等（0.1 < RQ < 1）或低生态风险（RQ < 1）。本研究结果不仅为今后长期追踪评估引江济淮工程沿岸水环境生态质量提供必不可少的本底数据,也为评估菜子湖线水生态环境健康风险提供科学依据和应用价值。     

宁夏重点湖泊生态健康评价与修复对策研究

针对宁夏湖泊湿地生态环境退化的问题,以宁夏重点湖泊为对象,利用多指标体系评价法,建立宁夏湖泊湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系,采用湖泊综合评判方法,对宁夏重点湖泊进行生态健康评价,评价结果显示沙湖、星海湖、阅海、腾格里湖为亚健康状态,鸣翠湖和宝湖为健康状态。同时根据各湖泊湿地生态系统健康评价的结果,分析各湖泊存在的主要问题,有针对性地提出各湖泊的管理建议,为湖泊管理者提供依据。     

基于分水岭算法结合卷积神经网络的玉米种子质量检测

为实现玉米种子快速、准确地优选,以不同质量的玉米种子为研究对象,提出一种分水岭算法结合卷积神经网络对玉米种子进行质量检测的方法。首先利用分水岭算法分割出单粒玉米种子,然后通过卷积神经网络模型对每粒种子进行质量分类,根据分水岭算法得到的单粒种子的位置,将结果在图像中进行标注,实现种子质量检测。使用改进型的InceptionV3模型进行试验,模型测试结果表明：质量良好和带有缺陷的两类种子的平均准确率为94.18%,平均召回率为94.61%,F1值（调和平均评价）为94.39%。同时为突出卷积神经网络模型的性能,将结果与传统的机器学习方法进行比较,其F1值高出LBP+SVM模型20.39%。     

Limnological changes in a sub‐tropical shallow hypertrophic lake during its restoration: two years of a whole‐lake experiment

1. Lake Rodó is a turbid system, a condition attributed to algal biomass. The proximal source of the eutrophication was stormwater discharges from an ill‐defined urban area. This paper describes an attempt to restore the water quality of Lake Rodó, the first time this has been done in Uruguay. In spring 1996 it was drained, sediments were removed and stream inputs were diverted. Groundwater was used to re‐fill the lake. Due to its high nutrient concentration a re‐circulation system was designed, pumping water from associated pools covered with free‐floating plants. 2. After the lake was refilled, the system was characterized by oxygen saturation or over‐saturation, neutral to basic pH, and high phosphorus, nitrogen and silicate concentrations. Ratios of total nitrogen (TN):total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (Chl a):TP indicated that phosphorus was the primary limiting nutrient during the period of groundwater supply. Once groundwater pumping had ceased, there was a decrease in TN:TP and Chl a:TP ratios, suggesting N‐limiting conditions prevailed in some periods. 3. Before restoration, the phytoplankton community was dominated year‐round by Planktothrix agardhii; since restoration the community has been more diverse. This change has favoured grazing by mesozooplankton, and the onset of clear‐water phases in spring. 4. Abundant populations of small omnivorous fish maintained a high predation pressure on zooplankton, restricting the abundance of large‐bodied herbivores, which, in turn, allowed an increase in phytoplanton biomass and a decrease in water transparency. Based on this observation, together with the phosphorus concentration and the low abundance of filamentous cyanobacteria compared with previous studies, we suggest that top‐down control has played a key role in increasing transparency in Lake Rodó. 5. A nutrient reduction programme, by the mechanical harvest of floating plants, and a removal of small omnivorous fishes and stocking strictly with piscivores, could be key factors in the achievement of a stable clear‐water phase. However, if blooms of Microcystis or other similar genera occur in summer, additional measures (e.g. reduction of the hydraulic residence time) will be needed to improve water transparency. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

赛里木湖高白鲑和凹目白鲑肌肉、卵的营养分析评价

2003年作对赛里木湖高白鲑和凹日白鲑肌肉、卵的营养成分进行测定。结果表明：高白鲑和凹目白鲑肌肉蛋白质含量分别为18．83％和19．78％(鲜重)；肌肉脂肪含量分别为13．75％和10．40％；氨基酸总量分别为17．48％和17．71％，其中必需氨基酸含量分别为9．16％和9．24％，占氨基酸总量的52．40％和52．17％；高度不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的16．08％和22．73％。高白鲑和凹目白鲑卵的蛋白质含量分别为24．16％和24．48％。     

Fish species richness in lakes of the northeastern lowlands in Germany

Fish species richness was assessed by electrofishing and gillnetting in 16 lakes of the northeastern lowland in Germany (the Schorfheide biosphere reserve). The lakes range from 0.03 to 10.55 km² and support between 5 and 14 fish species. Species richness is significantly correlated with lake area in an exponential and a power model. Richness is also correlated with shoreline development and total dissolved solids. This supports the hypothesis that larger areas contain more species within a taxonomic group due to increased habitat diversity. The slope of the species-area curve is low compared with most other studies of fish species richness in lakes, and the intercept value is high. This is interpreted as the result of high habitat and food diversity, lack of stress from abiotic factors, and the small regional species pool from which these lakes can be colonized. Two species inventories, one from the beginning of this century and one from the 1950s, are available for comparison. Average species richness did not change during the last decades. Species turnover rates were not related to the degree of anthropogenic eutrophication or to the intensity of fishery exploitation in these lakes. On the species level, however, one effect of accelerated eutrophication is apparent, the disappearance of 4 bottom-living species from one to 6 of the study lakes.     

人为干扰对西南喀斯特小流域生态恢复的影响

对退化生态系统的恢复,是喀斯特生态脆弱区域社会经济发展的重要保障。农业生产活动、石漠化治理、土地利用方式等,共同构成了影响喀斯特小流域生态系统退化和恢复的人为干扰因素。在前人对喀斯特石漠化小流域生态治理相关研究的基础上,以生态系统组成要素和生态恢复动态过程为出发点,分析并探讨人为干扰对于植被、土壤、凋落物、土壤生物结构、功能和多样性的扰动。提出生态治理和生态建设应注意对生态系统要素的维持和丰富,并加强对生态系统整体恢复和生态过程的研究,从而更好地促进喀斯特石漠化小流域生态系统的恢复。     

中华绒螯蟹养殖期间细菌性疾病流行情况调查研究

1999~2004年对安徽省巢湖市6个乡镇的池塘、稻田养殖的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的细菌性疾病流行情况进行了调查研究。结果表明:中华绒螯蟹细菌性疾病发生与流行存在着季节性,其发病率年平均依次为47.3%、59.6%、51.9%、46.7%、60.0%、29.9%,逐月比较发病率最大峰值出现在每年的8月份;感染率年平均分别为66.6%、75.8%、57.8%、52.0%、86.0%、39.3%,死亡率年平均依次为38.3%、44.6%、36.3%、29.6%、43.5%、21.6%;中华绒螯蟹细菌性疾病发病率与出现的最高气温、最低气温以及气温、水温持续偏高呈正相关(r=0.7657、r=0.7385、r=0.7237,P<0.01)。     

白洋淀日本沼虾血细胞的初步研究

对取自华北白洋淀种群的日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)血细胞进行显微形态观察、分类、测量和计数。依据细胞的形态,胞质中颗粒的数量和密度以及细胞的核质比把日本沼虾血细胞分为透明细胞(hyaline cell,HC)、半颗粒细胞(semigranular cell,SGC)和颗粒细胞(granular cell,GC)3类。血细胞大小依次为颗粒细胞>半颗粒细胞>透明细胞。血细胞密度为(1.13±0.50)×106个/mL,其中GC占48.5%,SGC占31.8%,HC占19.7%。并对我国日本沼虾的华南种群、华中种群及白洋淀所在地华北种群的血细胞大小和数量进行了比较。