畜牧科学研究动态及前瞻

文章在综述国内外有关专题研究的基础上，系统地讨论了当今畜牧科学的六个领域即家畜遗传育种，繁殖生理学，反刍家畜营养，非反刍家蓄营养，草地学和肉品科学近年来的主要科技成就及研究动态，指出了诸领域新近研究的热点未来研究的既定目标，对国内畜牧科学研究具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。     

HUDACAPP— 一种工艺规程自动设计系统

本文介绍浦沅工程机械总厂准柔性制造系统(P-FMS)中加工箱体零件所用的一个工艺规程自动设计系统—HUDACAPP,阐述了系统的原理、结构和实现.给出了实例.本系统能按零件输入信息自动生成工艺过程,选择机床、夹具、刀具、量具、切削参数以及计算工时,并能与P-FMS的实时管理调度软件联接,提供所需的资料.     

乳酸菌与中药合生元对肉鸡生长性能及饲料利用率的影响

本试验分别向肉仔鸡日粮中添加等量的抗生素和乳酸菌与中药合生元制剂,通过测定肉仔鸡的各项生长指标和饲料利用率指标,探讨乳酸菌与中药合生元在肉鸡生长和饲料利用率方面替代抗生素的优势.结果表明,试验组与对照组在生长性能和饲料利用率上各指标均差异不显著（P〉0.05）,说明乳酸菌与中药合生元可以替代抗生素饲喂给肉仔鸡.     

Differences in Wheat Cultivar Response to N Supply. I: Differences in Grain Yield Formation

Two-year field trials with winter wheat cultivars Batis and Toronto were conducted in Southern Bavaria, Germany, to investigate the possible causes of cultivar differences in response to N supply varying in total amount and time of application. Cultivar-related differences in grain yields were observed in treatments with low and medium N supply. High doses of N supply resulted in grain yield adjustment or grain yield advantage for cv. Toronto. The results of this study revealed a consistent, genotypic pattern in response to N fertilization in spite of strong seasonal effects. Systematic modifications in canopy growth rates in response to N supply were of particular relevance and a main factor for differences in tillering intensity resulting in modified stand densities. In the present study, cultivar differences in spike development and interactions with N supply related more to abortion than to initiation processes for number of spikelets and number of flowers per spikelet. High grain density (grains per m²) of cv. Toronto was evident during reproduction stages even under conditions of medium N supply. However, decreased growth rates during the later part of grain filling in combination with low 1000 grain weight, which was barely modified by N fertilization, allowed only partial utilization of this potential. It is assumed that sink limitations were of particular relevance for grain yield development in cv. Toronto, while cv. Batis combined a less intense response to N supply with more stability in the development of grain yield components.     

Trends in NE Atlantic landings (southern Portugal): identifying the relative importance of fisheries and environmental variables

Time series of commercial landings from the Algarve (southern Portugal) from 1982 to 1999 were analyzed using min/max autocorrelation factor analysis (MAFA) and dynamic factor analysis (DFA). These techniques were used to identify trends and explore the relationships between the response variables (annual landings of 12 species) and explanatory variables [sea surface temperature, rainfall, an upwelling index, Guadiana river (south‐east Portugal) flow, the North Atlantic oscillation, the number of licensed fishing vessels and the number of commercial fishermen]. Landings were more highly correlated with non‐lagged environmental variables and in particular with Guadiana river flow. Both techniques gave coherent results, with the most important trend being a steady decline over time. A DFA model with two explanatory variables (Guadiana river flow and number of fishermen) and three common trends (smoothing functions over time) gave good fits to 10 of the 12 species. Results of other models indicated that river flow is the more important explanatory variable in this model. Changes in the mean flow and discharge regime of the Guadiana river resulting from the construction of the Alqueva dam, completed in 2002, are therefore likely to have a significant and deleterious impact on Algarve fisheries landings.     

基于果实相关性状的桃品种初级核心种质取样策略研究

以国家种质资源圃(北京)编目的558份桃品种的18个形态学和农艺学性状为基本数据,研究了桃品种初级核心种质构建的取样策略,包括总体取样比例的确定及取样方案的选择,以获得最佳的初级核心种质。本试验共设10%～90%9个总体取样比例;取样方案研究包括分组原则和组内取样比例的确定。结果表明,桃初级核心种质的适宜总体取样比例为10%;按品种类群分组结合多样性比例取样为构建桃初级核心种质的最佳取样方案;利用此取样策略从558份桃品种中提取56份作为核心样本,对其代表性进行检测表明所构建的初级核心种质能够很好地代表桃原始种质的遗传多样性。     

干旱区20个紫花苜蓿品种抗旱性研究

该试验测定了20个苜蓿品种的水势、总含水量、自由水量、束缚水量、束/自比以及渗透调节物质.从植物水分生理与生化方面,测试各品种的抗旱性,并结合产草量、品质进行综合评价.从中选出5～6个抗旱性较强、产草量高、品质较好的苜蓿品种,为干旱区选择适宜的苜蓿品种提供具有实用价值的基础资料.     

Patterns of silver eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) sex ratio in a catchment

Abstract –  Changes in the numbers and size-class structure of European silver eels, Anguilla anguilla , in the River Frémur (France) were examined over a 9-year period after installation of downstream eel passes. The number of silver eels migrating downstream peaked in 1999, then decreased strongly and steadily after 2000, reaching relatively low levels. At the same time, a gradual shift in the silver eel sex ratio from a dominance of males (size from 270 to 442 mm, age from 3 to 6 years) to females (size from 366 to 1112 mm, age from 4 to 9 years) was recorded. Possible explanations for the escapement patterns observed are environmental sex determination and the installation of eel passes on the main hydraulic engineering structures in 1992 and 1996.     

LLDPE/PS塑料合金及其与木纤维形成复合材料的研究

研究线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)与聚苯乙烯(PS)共混制备的塑料合金的性能并用不同制备条件的塑料合金与木纤维复合形成塑料合金/木纤维复合材料,研究该种复合材料的外观质量及物理力学性能.结果表明:不同共混比例与共混温度对制备的塑料合金熔体流动性、力学强度有较显著影响.塑料合金/木纤维复合材料的性能与塑料合金共混比例及共混温度有较强的相关性.2种塑料在共混比为50/50,共混温度为200℃时,形成的塑料合金与木纤维具有相对最好的相容性和最好的材料外观质量与力学性能.DMA试验表明:塑料合金/木纤维复合材料的耐热性明显优于相应的塑料合金.     

论塞罕坝森林－草原交错带林业发展策略

在分析塞罕坝林场基本情况、存在问题及优势条件的前提下，提出了该场的林业发展策略：以林为本，林以育为主，育以科学为基础；育林、护林、造林、改造和调整相结合；以木材生产为龙头，以森林旅游和多种经营为双翼，以山草盆花生产及森林食品开发为凤尾，林、工、商、贸综合发展。文中就森林经营、木材加工、森林旅游、植物资源开发、动物养殖以及资源多样性保护提出了策略性建议。