麻疯树细菌性萎蔫病研究进展

对由青枯雷尔氏菌（Ralstonia solanacearum）引起的细菌性萎蔫病的为害特点、病原学特征、防控措施等方面进行了介绍,为该病害的监测与预防工作提供了参考.     

“乳黄消散”对临床型奶牛乳房炎治疗效果

为观察不同给药量的"乳黄消散"对临床型奶牛乳房炎的治疗效果,为临床治疗提供可靠依据,选取患临床型乳房炎的泌乳牛40头,随机分为3个试验组和1个对照组,每组10头牛。试验组分别用不同给药量的"乳黄消散"进行治疗(高、中、低剂量组给药量分别为1 500、1 000、500 g/d),"公英散"对照组给药量为500 g/d,观察并统计临床治疗效果、治疗前后乳汁LMT检测情况及细菌变化情况。结果显示,"乳黄消散"中剂量组治愈率及总有效率最高,极显著高于高剂量组和低剂量组,高剂量组治愈率和总有效率次之,低剂量组最低。试验组治愈率和总有效率均极显著高于对照"公英散"组。LMT检测结果显示,治疗前40个乳区均为强阳性"+++",治疗后均为"+、+或-"。乳汁细菌检测结果显示,治疗前主要为大肠杆菌、无乳链球菌、乳房链球菌和屎肠球菌等,治疗后3～5 d同一乳区细菌检测结果显示,试验组的细菌总转阴率达66.67%～100.00%,对照组细菌总转阴率达50.00%～100.00%。综合考虑,"乳黄消散"中剂量组临床治疗效果最佳。     

混播比例和刈割茬次对多花黑麦草+箭筈豌豆混播草地土壤细菌群落的影响

为探讨混播比例和刈割茬次对一年生禾豆混播草地土壤细菌群落的影响,本研究设多花黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum Lamk.）100%（R₁）、75%多花黑麦草+25%箭筈豌豆（Vicia sativa L.）（R₂）、50%多花黑麦草+50%箭筈豌豆（R₃）、25%多花黑麦草+75%箭筈豌豆（R₄）与100%箭筈豌豆（R₅）5个处理,分别于2017年1月4日（H₁）、3月14日（H₂）、4月21日（H₃）和5月19日（H₄）4个时期刈割,并采集0~20 cm土壤样本,分析土壤细菌群落组成。结果表明,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）、硝化螺旋菌门（Nitrospirae）、浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）是混播草地主要土壤细菌群落。禾豆混播比例对土壤alpha多样性无显著性影响,刈割茬次对土壤细菌操作分类单元（Operational Taxonomic Unit,OTU）和物种丰富度指标（Chao 1指数）影响效果显著（P<0.05）,改变了细菌群落结构。刈割茬次引起土壤细菌群落变化,影响了多花黑麦草和箭筈豌豆混播草地土壤细菌群落结构的均匀性。     

Microbial composition and diversity of an upland red soil under long-term fertilization treatments as revealed by culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches

Background, aim, and scope  Fertilization is an important agricultural practice for increasing crop yields. In order to maintain the soil sustainability, it is important to monitor the effects of fertilizer applications on the shifts of soil microorganisms, which control the cycling of many nutrients in the soil. Here, culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches were used to analyze the soil bacterial and fungal quantities and community structure under seven fertilization treatments, including Control, Manure, Return (harvested peanut straw was returned to the plot), and chemical fertilizers of NPK, NP, NK, and PK. The objective of this study was to examine the effects on soil microbial composition and diversity of long-term organic and chemical fertilizer regimes in a Chinese upland red soil. Materials and methods  Soil samples were collected from a long-term experiment station at Yingtan (28°15′N, 116°55′E), Jiangxi Province of China. The soil samples (0–20 cm) from four individual plots per treatment were collected. The total numbers of culturable bacteria and fungi were determined as colony forming units (CFUs) and selected colonies were identified on agar plates by dilution plate methods. Moreover, soil DNAs were extracted and bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal 18S rRNA genes were polymerase chain reaction amplified, and then analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning, and sequencing. Results  The organic fertilizers, especially manure, induced the least culturable bacterial CFUs, but the highest bacterial diversity ascertained by DGGE banding patterns. Chemical fertilizers, on the other hand, had less effect on the bacterial composition and diversity, with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. For the fungal community, the manure treatment had the largest CFUs but much fewer DGGE bands, also with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. The conventional identification of representative bacterial and fungal genera showed that long-term fertilization treatments resulted in differences in soil microbial composition and diversity. In particular, 42.4% of the identified bacterial isolates were classified into members of Arthrobacter. For fungi, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor were the most prevalent three genera, which accounted for 46.6% of the total identified fungi. The long-term fertilization treatments resulted in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent approaches. Discussion  It was evident that more representative fungal genera appeared in organic treatments than other treatments, indicating that culturable fungi were more sensitive to organic than to chemical fertilizers. A very notable finding was that fungal CFUs appeared maximal in organic manure treatments. This was quite different from the bacterial CFUs in the manure, indicating that bacteria and fungi responded differently to the fertilization. Similar to bacteria, the minimum fungal CFUs were also observed in the NK treatment. This result provided evidence that phosphorus could be a key factor for microorganisms in the soil. Thus, despite the fact that culture-dependent techniques are not ideal for studies of the composition of natural microbial communities when used alone, they provide one of the more useful means of understanding the growth habit, development, and potential function of microorganisms from soil habitats. A combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches is likely to reveal more complete information regarding the composition of soil microbial communities. Conclusions  Long-term fertilization had great effects on the soil bacterial and fungal communities. Organic fertilizer applications induced the least culturable bacterial CFUs but the highest bacterial diversity, while chemical fertilizer applications had less impact on soil bacterial community. The largest fungal CFUs were obtained, but much lower diversity was detected in the manure treatment. The lowest bacterial and also fungal CFUs were observed in the NK treatment. The long-term fertilization treatments resulted in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent approaches. Phosphorus fertilizer could be considered as a key factor to control the microbial CFUs and diversity in this Chinese upland red soil. Recommendations and perspectives  Soil fungi seem to be a more sensitive indicator of soil fertility than soil bacteria. Since the major limitation of molecular methods in soil microbial studies is the lack of discrimination between the living and dead, or active and dormant microorganisms, both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods should be used to appropriately characterize soil microbial diversity.     

Survival of bacterial DNA and culturable bacteria in archived soils from the Rothamsted Broadbalk experiment

Dried soil samples from many sources have been stored in archives world-wide over the years, but there has been little research on their value for studying microbial populations. Samples collected since 1843 from the Broadbalk field experiment on crop nutrition at Rothamsted have been used to document changes in the structure and composition of soils as agricultural practices evolve, also offering an invaluable record of environmental changes from the pre- to post-industrial era in the UK. To date, the microbial communities of these soils have not been studied, in part due to the well-documented drop in bacterial culturability in dried soils. However, modern molecular methods based on PCR amplification of DNA extracted directly from soil do not require bacterial cells to be viable or intact and may allow investigations into the legacy of bacteria that were present at the time of sample collection.

In a preliminary study, to establish if dried soils can provide a historical record of bacterial communities, samples from the Broadbalk soil archive dating back to 1868 were investigated and plots treated with either farmyard manure (FYM) or inorganic fertilizer (NPK) were compared. As anticipated, the processes of air-drying and milling greatly reduced bacterial viability whilst DNA yields declined less and may be preserved by desiccation. A higher proportion of culturable bacteria survived the archiving process in the FYM soil, possibly protected by the increased soil organic matter. The majority of surviving bacteria were firmicutes, whether collected in 2003 or in 1914, but a wide range of genera was detected in DNA extracted from the samples using PCR and DGGE of 16S rRNA genes. Analysis of DGGE band profiles indicated that the two plots maintained divergent populations. Sequence analysis of bands excised from DGGE gels, from a sample collected in 1914, revealed DNA from - and β-proteobacteria as well as firmicutes. PCR using primers specific for ammonia oxidizing bacteria showed similar band profiles across the two treatments in recently collected samples, however older samples from the NPK plot showed greater divergence. Primers specific for the genus Pseudomonas were designed and used in real-time quantitative PCR to indicate that archived soil collected in 1868 contained 10-fold less pseudomonad DNA than fresh soil, representing around 10⁵ genomes g⁻¹ soil. Prior to milling, dramatically less pseudomonad DNA was extracted from recently collected air-dried soil from the NPK compared to the FYM plot; otherwise, the two plots followed similar trends. Overall bacterial abundance, diversity and survival during the archiving process differed in the two soils, possibly due to differences in clay and soil organic matter content. Nevertheless, the results demonstrate that air-dried soils can protect microbial DNA for more than 150 years and offer an invaluable resource for future research.     

SiO2纳米颗粒对猪粪好氧堆肥过程中重金属形态分布和细菌群落的影响

以猪粪和秸秆为原料, SiO₂纳米颗粒（SiO₂NPs）为添加剂,研究添加4 个浓度梯度下（0、0.5、1.0和2.0 g/kg）SiO₂NPs对好氧堆肥过程中腐熟度指标、重金属总量和形态分布规律以及细菌群落的影响,并探讨影响重金属生物利用度的因素。结果表明,添加SiO₂NPs提高堆体温度并延长堆肥高温期。与堆肥前相比,堆肥后的pH显著升高,而电导率和C/N显著降低。种子发芽指数由堆肥前的50%升高到堆肥后的163%~182%。添加SiO₂NPs有利于重金属组分由生物可利用形态（可交换态和可还原态）向稳定形态（可氧化态和残渣态）转化,Cu和Zn的钝化效率可分别达到65.10%~83.89%和6.62%~27.93%,极显著高于CK处理（分别为52.09%和1.83%,P<0.01）。添加SiO₂NPs增加嗜热菌科的丰度,提高总细菌的多样性和丰富度。与Cu相关的优势细菌门为厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）,与Zn相关的被鉴定为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）。偏最小二乘路径模型分析表明Cu的生物利用度受环境因素（C/N和电导率）和细菌的交互作用,而Zn的生物利用度受细菌和温度的直接影响。     

遵义烟区不同海拔下植烟土壤细菌群落及影响因素分析

为探究不同海拔下植烟土壤细菌群落结构特征及影响细菌群落结构的主要因素,在贵州省遵义地区选择海拔800（ZL）、1000（ZS）和1200m（ZH）的3块植烟土壤,采用16S rRNA高通量测序法对植烟土壤微生物多样性进行分析。结果表明,ZL和ZH处理植烟土壤细菌α多样性均低于ZS处理;3个海拔下植烟土壤优势门为放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）,放线菌门的相对丰度以ZL处理最高,较ZH处理提高了34.22%;变形菌门表现则相反,ZH处理变形菌门丰度较ZL处理显著提高。绿弯菌门与酸杆菌门丰度在3个海拔处理中表现较为一致,均为ZS>ZL>ZH。聚类热图分析结果显示,土壤含水率和pH与Armatimonadota和蓝细菌门（Gyanobacteria）存在显著正相关关系,与变形菌门存在显著负相关关系;变形菌门、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和髌骨菌门（Patescibacteria）与土壤微生物量氮存在显著正相关关系,而与速效钾存在极显著负相关关系。     

Bacteria and antibiotic resistance detection in fractures of wild birds from wildlife rehabilitation centres in Spain

Anatomic adaptations make birds more prone to open fractures with exposed bone parts losing vascularization. As a result of this exposure, fractures are colonized by different microorganisms, including different types of bacteria, both aerobic and anaerobic, causing osteomyelitis in many cases. For this reason, antibiotic treatment is common. However, carrying out antibiotic treatment without carrying out a previous antibiogram may contribute to increased resistance against antibiotics, especially in migratory wild birds. In this paper, bacterial counts regarding fracture type, bacterial identification and antibiotic resistance have been analysed in wild birds from wildlife rehabilitation centres in Spain. The results obtained showed that open fractures had higher bacterial counts (CFU/mL) than closed ones. Bacteria in family Enterobacteriaceae, identified were Escherichia spp., Enterobacter spp., Shigella spp., Hafnia alvei, Proteus mirabilis, Leclercia adecarboxylata and Pantoea agglomerans. Other bacteria present in wild birds’ fractures were Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp. Bacillus wiedmannii and Staphylococcus sciuri. All species found presented resistance to at least one of the antibiotics used. Wild birds can be implicated in the introduction, maintenance and global spreading of antibiotic resistant bacteria and represent an emerging public health concern. Results obtained in this paper support the idea that it is necessary to take this fact into account before antibiotic administration to wild animals, since it could increase the number of bacteria resistant to antibiotics.     

Record keeping,genetic selection,educational experience and farm management effects on average milk yield per cow,milk fat percentage,bacterial score and bulk tank somatic cell count of dairy farms in the Central region of Thailand

A study was conducted to estimate the record keeping, genetic selection, educational, and farm management effects on average milk yield per cow (AYC), milk fat percentage, bacterial score, and bulk tank somatic cell count (BTSCC) of dairy farms in the central region of Thailand. Farms were located in the provinces of Saraburi and Nakhon Ratchisima and were members of the Muaklek dairy cooperative. Records from individual animals were unavailable. Thus, farm records of milk yield, milk fat percentage, bacterial score, and BTCCC were collected from July 1, 2003 through June 30, 2006. Additional record keeping, genetic selection, education, and farm management information was collected through a questionnaire in May of 2006. Data from the Muaklek dairy cooperative and the questionnaire were then merged by a farm identification number. A single trait mixed model was used to analyze AYC, milk fat percentage, and BTSCC, while a log linear model was used to analyze bacterial score. Results showed that farms that kept records on individual animals had higher (P < 0.05) milk fat percentages and lower bacterial scores than farms that did not. Farms that used genetic information (EBV) and phenotypes when selecting sires were higher (P < 0.05) for milk fat percentage than farms that used only phenotypes and personal opinion. Farms milking cows with a single unit milking machine and by hand, had higher (P < 0.05) bacterial scores and BTSCC than farms using only a single or multi unit machine. Overall farms that kept individual animal records, used EBV when selecting sires, used a single method for collecting milk, and used family labor achieved higher performance from their herds than farms that did not.     

抗水稻细条病和水稻白叶枯病转基因水稻植株的获得

抗水稻细条病和水稻白叶枯病转基因水稻植株的获得ＲｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆＴｒａｎｓｇｅｎｉｃＲｉｃｅＰｌａｎｔｓＲｅｓｉｓｔａｎｔｔｏＢａｃｔｅｒｉａｌＬｅａｆＳｔｒｅａｋａｎｄＢａｃｔｅｒｌａｌＢｌｉｇｈｔｏｆＲｉｃｅ￥中国水稻研究所生物工程系和...