N2O and NO fluxes between a Norway spruce forest soil and atmosphere as affected by prolonged summer drought

Global change scenarios predict an increasing frequency and duration of summer drought periods in Central Europe especially for higher elevation areas. Our current knowledge about the effects of soil drought on nitrogen trace gas fluxes from temperate forest soils is scarce. In this study, the effects of experimentally induced drought on soil N₂O and NO emissions were investigated in a mature Norway spruce forest in the Fichtelgebirge (northeastern Bavaria, Germany) in two consecutive years. Drought was induced by roof constructions over a period of 46 days. The experiment was run in three replicates and three non-manipulated plots served as controls. Additionally to the N₂O and NO flux measurements in weekly to monthly intervals, soil gas samples from six different soil depths were analysed in time series for N₂O concentration as well as isotope abundances to investigate N₂O dynamics within the soil. N₂O fluxes from soil to the atmosphere at the experimental plots decreased gradually during the drought period from 0.2 to −0.0 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively, and mean cumulative N₂O emissions from the manipulated plots were reduced by 43% during experimental drought compared to the controls in 2007. N₂O concentration as well as isotope abundance analysis along the soil profiles revealed that a major part of the soil acted as a net sink for N₂O, even during drought. This N₂O sink, together with diminished N₂O production in the organic layers, resulted in successively decreased N₂O fluxes during drought, and may even turn this forest soil into a net sink of atmospheric N₂O as observed in the first year of the experiment. Enhanced N₂O fluxes observed after rewetting up to 0.1 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹ were not able to compensate for the preceding drought effect. During the experiment in 2006, with soil matric potentials in 20 cm depth down to −630 hPa, cumulative NO emissions from the throughfall exclusion plots were reduced by 69% compared to the controls, whereas cumulative NO emissions from the experimental plots in 2007, with minimum soil matric potentials of −210 hPa, were 180% of those of the controls. Following wetting, the soil of the throughfall exclusion plots showed significantly larger NO fluxes compared to the controls (up to 9 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹ versus 2 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹). These fluxes were responsible for 44% of the total emission of NO throughout the whole course of the experiment. NO emissions from this forest soil usually exceeded N₂O emissions by one order of magnitude or more except during wintertime.     

Natural N abundance of plant and soil inorganic-N as evidence for over-fertilization with compost

To test the hypothesis that N isotope composition can be used as evidence of excessive compost application, we measured variation in patterns of N concentrations and corresponding δ¹⁵N values of plants and soil after compost application. To do so, a pot experiment with Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. cv. Maeryok) was conducted for 42 days. Compost was applied at rates of 0 (SC0), 500 (SC1), 1000 (SC2), and 1500 mg N kg⁻¹ soil (SC3). Plant-N uptake linearly increased with compost application (r² = 0.956, P < 0.05) with an uptake efficiency of 76 g N kg⁻¹ of compost-N at 42 days after application, while dry-mass accumulation did not show such linear increases. Net N mineralized from compost-N increased linearly (r² = 0.998, P < 0.01) with a slope of 122 g N kg⁻¹ of compost-N. Plant-δ¹⁵N increased curvilinearly with increasing compost application, but this increase was insignificant between SC2 and SC3 treatments. The δ¹⁵N of soil inorganic-N (particularly NO₃⁻-N) increased with compost application. We found that plant-δ¹⁵N reflected the N isotope signal of soil NO₃⁻-N at each measurement during plant growth, and that δ¹⁵N of inner leaves and soil NO₃⁻-N was similar when initial NO₃⁻ in the compost was abundant. Therefore, we concluded that δ¹⁵N of whole plant (more obviously in newer plant parts) and soil NO₃⁻-N could reveal whether compost application was excessive, suggesting a possible use of δ¹⁵N in plants and soil as evidence of excess compost application.     

基于地统计学和15N技术的湿地土壤氮素 空间运移理论探讨

地统计学是探讨自然环境要素空间异质性的有效工具，它适合于定量研究区域化变量的空间结构变异特征。湿地土壤氮素是时空连续的变异体，不论尺度大小均具有高度的空间异质性，而其变量又属于区域化变量，同时具有随机性和结构性特征。因15N示踪技术能够示踪氮素物质的踪迹，而用15N标记的示踪体在湿地土壤中运移时所产生的丰度变化又具有空间异质性，故可考虑将二者结合起来来定量探讨湿地土壤氮素的空间运移。在此，就试对这一问题进行了较为系统和完整的理论探讨。     

应用15N标记对不同施氮方式甘蔗氮肥利用效率的研究

以新台糖22号(ROC22)为试材,设15N标记尿素作基肥(5g/盆)(T1)、基肥(2.5g/盆)+分蘖肥(2.5g/盆)(T2)及基肥(1.5g/盆)+分蘖肥(1.5g/盆)+攻茎肥(2g/盆)(T3)3个处理,研究施氮方式对甘蔗氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,与T1比较,T2、T3极显著提高了甘蔗尤其是蔗根和蔗叶对氮肥的利用效率,其中T3的氮肥利用效率最高;3个处理间甘蔗植株的氮肥偏生产力、吸收的肥料氮、氮素分配率及氮肥利用率等数值差异均达显著水平。氮肥以基肥+分蘖肥+攻茎肥施用最有利于提高甘蔗产量和氮肥利用率。     

啤酒花矮化类病毒及其突变体侵染性克隆的构建和生物学活性研究

  啤酒花矮化类病毒重组突变体（HSVd D 15）是世界上报道过的仅有的一个啤酒花矮化类病毒（HSVd）分子内重组突变体。为研究其生物学活性,本文分别构建了含有HSVd和HSVd D 15 cDNA加倍串联序列的重组质粒,并对其在指示植株四叶黄瓜上的侵染活性进行了检测。结果表明：仅在接种含有HSVd cDNA多倍串联序列重组质粒的黄瓜上检测到HSVd的侵染,在同样条件下接种了含有HSVd D 15 cDNA两倍串联序列重组质粒的黄瓜上未检测到子代类病毒。HSVd D 15的生物学活性还需通过改进接种方法或将其接种无毒的自然寄主李树苗木来进一步研究。     

鲁棉研15号纤维品质性状QTL定位研究

 以陆地棉（Gossypium hirsutum L.）杂交种鲁棉研15号的F₂群体为作图群体,利用SSR标记和JoinMap3.0软件构建遗传连锁图谱;利用复合区间作图法分别对随机组成的3个鲁棉研15号的F_2:3家系亚群体进行纤维品质性状QTL定位。构建的遗传连锁图谱包含116个多态位点,25个连锁群,全长892.25 cM,覆盖棉花总基因组的20.05%,平均每个连锁群4.64个标记,标记间平均距离7.76 cM;根据已有图谱的定位结果,19个连锁群与染色体建立了联系。在3个F_2:3家系亚群体中共检测到46个QTL,其中16个为纤维长度（FL）QTL、7个为纤维强度（FS）、12个为麦克隆值（FM）、6个为伸长率（FE）,5个为整齐度指数（FU）。发现在A_h05、A_h08、A_h09、D_h02染色体上QTL有成簇分布的现象,并在3个亚群体中检测到一些受环境影响较小、稳定遗传的QTL。这些QTL可以在今后应用于分子标记辅助选择。     

拟南芥AGL15基因的克隆及其植物超表达载体的构建

为了研究AGL15基因在种子发育过程中的作用,应用聚合酶链式反应技术(PCR)扩增了拟南芥AGL15基因,并将其克隆到pMD20-T vector载体上,对重组子进行PCR检测和限制性内切酶分析,并测定了该基因全序列。结果表明,该基因全长为807bp。将拟南芥AGL15基因定向克隆到植物表达载体pCambia1301的35S启动子下游,双酶切鉴定结果表明,AGL15基因在双元表达载体中的插入位置和方向都正确,即成功构建了该基因的植物超表达载体。     

施氮量对甘蔗伸长期氮肥效率及氮素去向的影响

以新台糖22号(ROC22)为试材,通过网室盆栽试验方法,研究施氮量对甘蔗伸长期氮肥效率与氮素去向的影响。结果表明:甘蔗吸收的氮素15%～27%来源于当季肥料施的氮,73%～85%来自土壤和种茎氮;氮肥利用率为21.78%～26.75%,残留率为61.24%～69.85%,损失率为8.37%～12.02%。增施氮肥,甘蔗干物质积累量、氮素积累量、来源于肥料氮素的比率及氮肥吸收量、氮肥残留量、氮肥损失量以及氮肥残留率明显增加,而氮肥吸收率和损失率明显下降,氮素和干物质在蔗茎的分配呈下降趋势,同时氮素残留分布在0～20 cm土层呈上升趋势,在20～40 cm土层呈下降趋势。     

猪血凝性脑脊髓炎病毒在PK-15细胞中的增殖特性

利用光学显微镜观察、间接免疫荧光（IFA）、Real-time PCR和病毒感染滴度（TCID50）等测定方法,分别从病毒抗原分布、病毒基因组复制水平以及病毒感染滴度变化等方面对猪血凝性脑脊髓炎病毒（HEV-67N）在猪肾上皮传代细胞系（PK-15细胞）上的增殖特性进行了研究。使用HEV-67N株感染24孔细胞培养板内的PK-15细胞,接种剂量为400个TCID50（104.37）/孔,间接免疫荧光检测结果显示,在感染后8h即可检测到被荧光抗体标记的感染细胞,且随着感染时间的延长,出现荧光的细胞数量逐渐增多,至感染后32h,几乎所有的细胞均出现有荧光。Real-time PCR检测结果显示,病毒基因组RNA的复制在感染后32～48h呈快速上升趋势,其基因组拷贝数在感染后48h达到最高值,之后增殖速度减慢,至感染后56h细胞出现CPE。TCID50的测定结果显示,HEV感染滴度的变化趋势与基因组RNA含量的变化相一致,在感染后32～48h增殖速度最快,之后逐渐减缓,至72h病毒感染滴度达到最高。     

人白细胞介素-15的高效表达

采用限制性核酸内切酶酶切鉴定含IL-15基因的重组质粒,SDS-PAGE检测不同条件下IL-15基因的表达情况,并对表达条件进行优化。经酶切鉴定和核苷酸序列测定证实重组质粒pET28c（＋）-IL-15含有IL-15基因且阅读框架正确,以IPTG诱导IL-15基因表达的优化条件是：培养基pH7．0,培养温度37℃,IPTG浓度1．0mmol／L,茵体生长密度0D600达到1．0时加入IPTG,诱导时间3h,IL-15蛋白表达量为28％,为IL-15的生产工艺研究提供了可靠的试验数据。