Segregation for performance in recombinant inbred populations resulting from inter-gene pool crosses of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The germplasm of cultivated common bean exhibits a lower level of genetic diversity within each geographical gene pools (Mesoamerican and Andean) compared to that of the respective wild ancestors. Crosses between these two gene pools potentially provide a source of additional genetic diversity but their progenies have been characterized by phenotypic abnormalities and reduced productivity. In order to gain additional insights into this problem, we examined the segregation for performance in two recombinant inbred populations (RIPs) resulting from Mesoamerican × Andean crosses in three contrasting environments and two years. The two RIPs – ‘California Dark Red Kidney’ (of Andean origin) × ‘Yolano’ (Mesoamerican), n = 150, and A55 (Mesoamerican) × G122 (Andean), n = 67 – were grown in replicated field tests to assess the agronomic performance of each recombinant inbred line. Both populations exhibited, on average, greater days to maturity (DTM), lower biomass growth rate (above-ground dry weight/DTM), lower economic growth rate (seed yield/DTM), and lesser harvest index. In contrast with the conclusions of earlier experiments, there was no evidence from the field trials for a genetic association (due to linkage or pleiotropy) between seed weight and economic growth rate, but there may be a genetic association between seed weight and life cycle length. We compare the results of these studies with earlier experiments on inter-gene pool recombinant populations of common beans and relate our observations of diminished performance to models of speciation mechanisms. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

宇宙线散落核素7Be在山区表土层中的分布特征及侵蚀示踪原理

宇宙线散落核素⁷Be具稳定的物质来源和53.3天的半衰期,提供了示踪环境微粒季节性迁移的必要条件;其在土粒中主要存在于Fe-Mn氧化物及有机质结合相,适应于季节性微粒迁移示踪;它在表土层中的垂直分布特征提供了示踪微粒季节性迁移的充分条件。⁷Be在表土层中的累计值、表观比活度、最大渗透深度及相对侵蚀(或堆积)速率是土粒迁移的示踪参数。     

砷对水稻生长发育的影响及其原因

低浓度的砷对水稻生长发育有刺激作用,砷浓度较高时则会对水稻产生严重的毒害作用。砷的毒害作用不仅有十分明显的外观症状,而且还会使水稻的生长发育推迟。刺激作用的机理可能与砷合理地抑制植物呼吸、减少光合产物的无益消耗有关。砷的毒害作用所造成的水稻籽粒减产,是由于穗粒数、结实率、有效穗、千粒重四个产量构成因素受砷的毒害作用共同影响的结果。刚进入土壤系统时,As（Ⅲ）的毒性比As（Ⅴ）大;但随着时间的推移,它们在对土壤和植物系统的影响方面的差异会不断缩小。     

不同寄主上桃蛀果蛾的滞育研究

调查了桃蛀果蛾Ｃａｒｐｏｓｉｎａｓａｓａｋｉ在杏、桃、枣、苹果、海红、梨、槟子、山楂、酸枣等寄主上幼虫的滞育情况和年发生代数,研究了杏和海红上幼虫滞育对光周期的反应。结果表明,桃蛀果蛾在桃、枣和苹果上一年发生１～２代,５０％个体进入滞育时间在８月上旬;在杏、海红、梨、槟子、山楂和酸枣上一年只发生１代;滞育的临界光周期,在杏上略长于１２ｈ,海红上接近１５ｈ．讨论了滞育在桃蛀果蛾生活史趋异和物种分化中的作用。     

镉在海藻中的化学形态

利用化学试剂逐步提取法研究了紫菜、海带、裙带菜和羊栖菜中镉的存在化学形态。研究结果表明:镉以多种化学形态存在于4种海藻中,1 mol/L氯化钠提取态镉和 2% 醋酸提取态的镉所占比例较大,两者约占总镉含量的76.3%～92.9%。0.6 mol/L盐酸提取态、去离子水提取态和80%乙醇提取态镉所占比例较小,其中乙醇提取态(离子态镉)约仅占总镉含量的0.4%～9.2%,且对于4种海藻,紫菜中的离子态镉所占比例最低(均小于1%)。实验进一步证实以海藻中总镉含量作为检测标准不能准确反映海藻及其制品的食用安全性,因此亟需建立海藻中针对毒性较强的离子态镉的检测标准限量和快速有效的检测方法,以保障我国海藻产业和出口创汇经济的顺利发展。     

坛紫菜中铝的形态分析及风险性评价

应用化学连续萃取法结合电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法对紫菜中铝的存在形态进行了初步研究,并对紫菜中铝食用安全性进行了评价。所测30份紫菜样品中铝的总含量范围为74.3~1 479 mg/kg,紫菜中铝的形态存在难溶态>有机态>无机态>水溶性游离态的分布规律。约75%的铝以难溶态存在。可溶态的铝主要以有机铝的形态存在,有机铝占总可溶态铝的72%左右。无机铝主要以Al(OH)₃的形态存在,水溶性游离态铝占无机铝的18.5%。通过模拟胃肠消化环境测定紫菜中铝的溶出率,结果表明,模拟胃液可溶出的铝占总铝的1.38%～6.80%,说明大部分铝在人体消化过程中不易溶出,对人体的潜在危害并不大。     

安庆沿江湖泊湿地湖滨带土壤重金属含量特征及潜在生态风险评价

为了解安庆沿江湿地湖滨带土壤重金属污染状况,保障区域水生态安全,采集了破罡湖、菜子湖和武昌湖等3个湖滨带的 75个土壤样品,利用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法分析测定了土壤样品7种重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的总量和形态特征,并利用地累积指数法和Hankson潜在生态风险指数法评价3个湖泊湖滨带土壤重金属的污染状况和生态风险。结果表明：武昌湖湖滨带土壤的As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn的总量均显著高于菜子湖和破罡湖;7种重金属的形态特征差异较大,武昌湖湖滨带土壤中的Cd和As的可交换态含量分别为0.19 mg/Kg和10.68 mg/Kg,其占比分别为35.59%和46.28%,其他元素都以残渣态为主;地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法表明Cd的污染程度和潜在生态风险系数显著高于其他6种元素;研究区湖滨带土壤整体重金属风险等级较低,破罡湖、菜子湖和武昌湖的重金属潜在生态风险指数RI分别为102.03、95.72和190.65,破罡湖和菜子湖属于重金属轻度风险区域,武昌湖属于重金属中度风险区域。研究区土壤Cd受人类活动影响较大,湖滨带土壤中重金属主要受农业面源污染。     

高砷硫铁矿周边农田土壤砷分布及真菌群落结构特征研究

本文主要以高砷硫铁矿区周边农田中的真菌群落为研究对象,研究利用Miseq高通量测序技术系统的分析了矿区周边不同区域土壤中真菌的群落特征,对硫铁矿区周边土壤真菌群落的适应机制进行了探究分析。结果表明,(1)砷、铁复合污染土壤可促使土壤真菌丰富度降低,而对土壤真菌多样的影响则表现为先促进后抑制;(2)砷、铁复合污染抑制土壤中Ascomycota(子囊菌门)代谢,促进Basidiomycota(担子菌门)代谢,而对Zygomycota(接合菌门)则表现为低浓度促进,高浓度抑制,对Fusarium(镰刀菌属)、Pseudallescheria(假霉样真菌属)、Cryptococcus(隐球菌属)也呈现“低浓度促进、高浓度抑制”作用;(3)砷、铁的复合物污染使土壤中真菌群落结构产生了明显差异,环境因子对土壤环境真菌群落结构差异影响大小依次为有效砷、总砷、总铁。     

Contrasting species boundaries between sections Alternaria and Porri of the genus Alternaria

The fungal genus Alternaria comprises a large number of asexual taxa with diverse ecological, morphological and biological modes ranging from saprophytes to plant pathogens. Understanding the speciation processes affecting asexual fungi is important for estimating biological diversity, which in turn affects plant disease management and quarantine enforcement. This study included 106 isolates of Alternaria representing five phylogenetically defined clades in two sister sub‐generic groups: section Porri (A. dauci, A. solani and A. limicola) and section Alternaria (A. alternata/tenuissima and A. arborescens). Species in section Porri are host‐specific while species in section Alternaria have wider host ranges. For each isolate, DNA sequences of three genes (Alt a1, ATPase, Calmodulin) were used to estimate phylogenies at the population and species levels. Three multilocus haplotypes were distinguished among A. dauci isolates and only one haplotype among A. solani and A. limicola isolates, revealing low or no differentiation within each taxon and strong clonal structure for taxa in this section. In contrast, 37 multilocus haplotypes were found among A. alternata/tenuissima isolates and 21 multilocus haplotypes among A. arborescens isolates, revealing much higher genotypic diversity and multiple clonal lineages within taxa, which is not typical of asexual reproducing lineages. A species tree was inferred using a Yule Speciation model and a strict molecular clock assumption. Species boundaries were well defined within section Porri. However, species boundaries within section Alternaria were only partially resolved with no well‐defined species boundaries, possibly due to incomplete lineage sorting. Significant association with host specificity seems a driving force for speciation.     

砷胁迫下磷对三七砷的微区及亚细胞组织分布特征的影响

通过同步辐射X射线荧光分析(μ-SRXRF)和亚细胞组分分离技术相结合,从植株各部位微区及亚细胞组分层面揭示了药用植物三七在外源磷素作用下砷吸收累积的分布特征。结果表明:三七的根部和茎部是砷的主要富集部位,添加外源磷素可以有效降低三七根部、茎部和叶片的砷含量,降低幅度分别为47%、80%和33%;三七各部位的亚细胞组分砷的累积量不同,其中细胞液是砷的主要富集组分,具有一定的区隔化作用,但不能有效地减少砷对植物细胞新陈代谢的影响和毒害;外源磷素的加入可以显著降低三七不同部位亚细胞各组分中砷的累积量,其降低幅度由高到低依次为细胞液细胞壁细胞器,但分析表明,外源磷素的添加对三七各部位的亚细胞组分砷累积量占植株总砷累积量比例的影响不大。