少孢节丛孢菌超微结构的观察研究

观察了捕食线虫性真菌——少孢节丛孢菌的超微结构，以探讨捕食线虫性真菌的杀虫机理。结果显示，少孢节丛孢菌属于隔膜类真菌，隔膜中央有孔，菌丝细胞一般呈长形竹节状；菌株的捕食器为黏性菌环和菌网，形成捕食器的菌丝细胞结构不同于一般的营养菌丝，胞质中含有许多电子密集体，呈大小不等的黑色类圆形颗粒状，多数排列在捕食器菌丝细胞的边缘区域，这是捕食线虫性真菌捕食器菌丝细胞的一个重要特征。     

中药"增免散"对肉鸡免疫器官及生长发育的影响

1日龄艾维茵肉鸡健雏200只随机分4组，“增免散”按饲料量0．5％、1％、1．5％分别添加到Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组，对照组为Ⅳ组。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组从第7天开始投药，各组于第7、21天用LaSota活苗免疫，然后于第7、14、28、49天测定血液中HI抗体水平，并检测“增免散”对免疫器官和生长发育的影响。结果表明，中药“增免散”按1％、1．5％添加能显著提高Lasota活苗接种雏鸡的HI抗体水平，延长其持续时间，能促进雏鸡免疫器官的生长发育，并能促进肉鸡的生长发育，提高饲料转化率。     

The occurrence of taste buds in adults of the terrestrial ceacilian Boulengerula boulengeri Tornier, 1898 (Lissamphibia: Gymnophiona: Herpelidae)

Two generations of gustatory organs occur during amphibian ontogeny in frogs and salamanders (Anura and Caudata), and are classified as taste buds or taste discs. Taste buds are present in larval forms, whereas taste discs are typical for adults. The little research done on Gymnophiona suggests that only taste buds are present in aquatic forms (larvae and adults), and adults of the only terrestrial species studied had taste buds. Here we investigate the nature of gustatory organs in a terrestrial caecilian, Boulengerula boulengeri (Herpelidae), from Tanzania using standard light and scanning electron microscopy. We found only taste bud type organs to be present in B. boulengeri. These occur mainly in the mucosa of the front part of the oral cavity, usually near the teeth. Our results suggest that B. boulengeri possesses only one type of gustatory organ during its ontogeny.     

壮丰安对冬小麦产量和产量器官发育的影响

以两个冬小麦品种京冬6号和农大142为材料,研究了新型植物生长调节剂-壮丰安对小麦产量器官的调控效应。结果表明:壮丰安处理调节了小麦穗的乙烯释放量和籽粒中 IAA,Z+ZR 等内源激素水平;加快了小麦籽粒乳熟中期以后的灌浆速度,可使穗数、结实小穗、穗粒数和穗粒重不同程度增加,表现一定的增产作用;收获后的种子经生物学方法测定,药效残留很少,正常施用对环境和产品安全。     

羊常见消化器官疾病及防控措施

在养羊生产实践中,消化系统疾病是临床上最常见的多发病,若治疗不及时,可导致严重的经济损失。羊的消化系统是机体摄取食物,并经消化、吸收,供应机体营养的器官系统,包括消化管（口腔、咽、食管、前胃、真胃、小肠、大肠和肛门）和消化腺（唾液腺、肝脏、胰腺）两部分。消化管和消化腺的任何部位发生问题,即表现为消化器官疾病。羊常见的消化器官疾病主要有羊口炎、羊口疮、食道梗塞、前胃迟缓、瘤胃积食、瘤胃臌胀、瓣胃阻塞、皱胃炎及胃肠炎、急性实质性肝炎等,应引起养殖场（户）的重视。本文重点介绍羊常见消化器官疾病的预防及治疗措施。     

粪肠球菌替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率、血液生化指标和免疫器官的影响

本试验在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加不同水平的粪肠球菌,研究其替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻指数和腹泻率、血液生化指标以及免疫器官的影响。选取120头(28±2)日龄平均体重为(7.60±0.81)kg的"杜×长×大"断奶仔猪,随机分为5组,每组6个重复(公母各占1/2),每个重复4头,每个重复为1圈。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,抗生素组在基础饲粮中添加100mg/kg硫酸黏菌素和400 mg/kg杆菌肽锌,3个粪肠球菌组分别在基础饲粮中添加40、200和1 000 mg/kg粪肠球菌,试验期31 d。试验结果显示:1)在1~14 d,饲粮中添加抗生素和粪肠球菌对断奶仔猪的平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)以及料重比(F/G)无显著影响(P0.05)。在15~31 d,与对照组和抗生素组相比,200和1 000 mg/kg组可极显著提高ADFI和ADG(P0.01)。在1~31 d,与对照组相比,200和1 000 mg/kg组的ADFI均极显著提高(P0.01),而ADG分别显著和极显著增加(P0.05和P0.01);与抗生素组相比,1 000 mg/kg组可极显著提高ADFI(P0.01),而200和1 000 mg/kg组的ADG分别显著和极显著增加(P0.05和P0.01)。2)在1~14 d,与对照组相比,40 mg/kg组的腹泻指数和腹泻率显著降低(P0.05)。在15~31 d和1~31 d,与对照组和抗生素组相比,40和1 000 mg/kg组均可在一定程度上降低腹泻率(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,粪肠球菌可以显著提高血液中总蛋白含量(P0.05),其中200和1 000 mg/kg组达到极显著水平(P0.01),且这2组分别可以显著和极显著提高球蛋白含量(P0.05和P0.01)。与抗生素组相比,200和1 000 mg/kg组可以显著提高总蛋白含量(P0.05)。与对照组相比,抗生素组和1 000 mg/kg组的白球比显著降低(P0.05),另外,抗生素组血液中谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性显著降低(P0.05),200 mg/kg组的谷丙转氨酶活性显著降低(P0.05)。4)与对照组相比,1 000 mg/kg组的肝脏重量和脾脏指数有一定程度的提高(P0.05),与抗生素组相比,200和1 000 mg/kg组可显著提高肝脏重量(P0.05)。结果表明,饲粮中添加粪肠球菌可改善断奶仔猪的生长性能(饲喂15~31 d),降低腹泻率,提高仔猪免疫力,其中添加量为1 000 mg/kg时效果最好。     

肠道菌群对仔鸡肠道发育、黏膜形态和免疫器官发育的影响

本试验旨在以"无菌鸡"为模型,研究添加鸡源性乳酸菌和盲肠内容物后,对仔鸡肠道发育、黏膜形态及免疫器官发育的影响。试验选用无特定病原体(SPF)种蛋80枚,经无菌孵化后,选择健康仔鸡60羽,分3组(每组20羽),转入3台无菌隔离器内饲养,并分别饲喂:无菌饲粮(CT组)、无菌饲粮+乳酸菌液(LB组)、无菌饲粮+鸡盲肠内容物(CC组);饲养21 d后试验结束,于试验7、14、21日齡从各组取6只进行屠宰,测定鸡肠道各段长度和免疫器官重量,并对肠道黏膜形态显微观察。结果显示:饲喂乳酸菌或盲肠内容物的仔鸡各阶段中的空肠长度均高于CT组,盲肠长度和体积均低于CT组的无菌鸡;仔鸡的脾脏指数高于CT组(P=0.010);饲喂乳酸菌或盲肠内容物后仔鸡的十二指肠、空肠和回肠隐窝深度降低、绒毛高度/隐窝深度增大。本试验说明,饲喂肠道菌群能促进仔鸡肠道发育,盲肠体积变小;同时促进脾脏的发育,提高机体免疫力。     

The interaction between maternal and post‐hatch n‐3 fatty acid supplementation in broiler diets

This study investigated whether offspring from n‐3‐supplemented breeders have an enhanced performance and immune organ weight when fed a post‐hatch n‐3‐enriched diet in comparison with their control‐fed counterparts and the importance of timing of omega‐3 supplementation. Therefore, 480 Ross‐308 broiler breeder hens were fed one of four different diets (120/treatment). The control diet (CON) was a basal diet, rich in n‐6 fatty acids (FA). The three other diets were enriched in n‐3 FA, formulated to obtain a different EPA/DHA ratio of 1/1 (EPA = DHA), 1/2 (DHA) or 2/1 (EPA). At 33 weeks of age, eggs were incubated to obtain 1440 offspring. They were set up according to their maternal diet and sex in 48 pens of 30 chicks each (12 pens per maternal treatment: six male and six female). Half of the offspring were given a post‐hatch control diet, whereas to other half received an n‐3‐supplemented diet. Zootechnical performance was followed for starter, grower and finisher phase, and at the end of each phase two, chicks per pen were sacrificed to determine the weight of the immune organs. No interaction was found between maternal and post‐hatch n‐3 treatment for zootechnical performance. An interaction arose between the maternal and post‐hatch n‐3 supplementation for proportional bursa weight at day 1 and day 14 and proportional liver weight at day 14, but effects on immune organ weight were rather limited. Offspring post‐hatch n‐3 supplementation did not enhance maternal n‐3 supplementation.     

凝结芽孢杆菌对感染产气荚膜梭菌肉鸡生长性能、肠道病变及免疫器官指数的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌对感染产气荚膜梭菌肉鸡生长性能、肠道病变及免疫器官指数的影响。选用312只1日龄科宝500肉鸡公雏,随机分成4个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复13只鸡。采用2×2双因子完全随机设计,产气荚膜梭菌分为无感染产气荚膜梭菌组和感染产气荚膜梭菌组,日粮中凝结芽孢杆菌水平分别为0和400mg/kg。试验期35d。结果表明,感染产气荚膜梭菌后15~35日龄肉鸡平均日增重显著降低(P0.05),28日龄肠道病变严重(P0.01),35日龄法氏囊指数极显著降低(P0.01);日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌可显著提高15~35日龄肉鸡平均日增重(P0.05),显著降低料重比(P0.05),能缓解感染导致的肠道损伤(P0.05),28日龄肉鸡胸腺指数极显著提高(P0.01),35日龄法氏囊指数极显著提高(P0.01)。肠道病变结果分析表明,日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌与感染产气荚膜梭菌有显著交互作用(P0.05)。综上所述,日粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌能够提高感染产气荚膜梭菌肉鸡生长性能及免疫器官指数,增强动物免疫能力,并能缓解由于产气荚膜梭菌感染而导致的不利影响。