普通小麦TaSEC14p-5基因的克隆及表达分析

磷脂酰肌醇转运蛋白Sec14是最先在酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中发现的磷脂酰肌醇转运蛋白,含有一个典型的SEC14保守结构域.S0ec14p磷脂酰肌醇转运蛋白广泛存在于真核生物细胞中,并参与膜运输途径、质膜发育、脂肪酸代谢、根毛的生长等生命活动,但未见此蛋白在作物逆境胁迫的有关报道.为研究Sec14p基因在小麦(Triticum aestivum)发育及逆境胁迫中的功能,本研究采用电子克隆方法从小麦京花9号中得到一个Sec14p基因,命名为TaSEC14p-5 (GenBank登录号:KU639968).氨基酸序列分析表明,该基因ORF全长为984 bp,编码327个氨基酸,相对分子质量为37.1 kD,理论等电点为7.70.在植物中该蛋白有典型的SEC14类基因家族保守域SEC14和一个CRAL_TRIO_N结构域.进化和聚类分析表明,小麦TaSEC14p-5基因与粗山羊草(Aegilops tauschii)磷脂酰肌醇转运蛋白AeSEC14p基因和水稻(Oryza sativa)磷脂酰肌醇转运蛋白Os02g0200000基因亲缘关系较近,蛋白相似度分别为96.45％和88.38％.采用qRT-PCR技术,对小麦孕穗期不同组织和不同非生物胁迫幼苗进行表达分析.发现该基因在根、茎、叶、颖壳、雄蕊和种子中均有表达,且在茎中表达量较高,雄蕊次之,根最低;该基因受高盐的强烈诱导,同时也受到脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA) (200μmol/L)、干旱(PEG6000)和低温(4℃)不同程度的胁迫诱导.TaSEC14p-5在NaC1、ABA、PEG和4 ℃四种不同胁迫处理下,总体趋势为先上升后下降.结果推测,TaSEC14p-5基因可能参与了NaC1、ABA、PEG6000和4℃等不同程度的非生物胁迫处理,为进一步改良小麦抗逆性等分子机理研究提供了新的依据.     

大豆14-3-3蛋白与转录因子蛋白GmMYB173的互作

14-3-3蛋白家族在真核生物中普遍存在,可与其他蛋白相互作用,调控多种生理生化过程。MYB基因家族作为植物中最大的一类转录因子,广泛参与了植物的生长发育和代谢调控。本研究通过分析1个从自贡冬豆中克隆的MYB转录因子GmMYB173的亚细胞定位情况,发现GmMYB173在细胞核中特异表达;序列分析发现GmMYB173与GmMYB176相似,具有1个14-3-3蛋白的潜在结合结构域,即pST结合结构域。通过重叠延伸PCR (SOE-PCR)删除了GmMYB173序列中pST结合结构域编码序列,发现GmMYB173细胞核表达特异性消失。酵母双杂交互作分析表明,大豆基因组中所有具有表达的16个14-3-3蛋白GmSGF14a~GmSGF14p均能与GmMYB173互作。β-半乳糖苷酶活性分析发现,与GmMYB173互作最强的是GmSGF14n,GmSGF14k、GmSGF14e和GmSGF14o其次。这些结果说明14-3-3蛋白不仅与GmMYB173互作,且可能调控其在细胞内的定位,有助于研究14-3-3蛋白与GmMYB173的互作关系及其在大豆生长发育中的作用。     

松材线虫和拟松材线虫14-3-3蛋白基因全长cDNA克隆与分析

[目的]对松材线虫和拟松材线虫的14-3-3蛋白基因进行全长cDNA克隆,并进行序列分析。[方法]根据GenBank数据库中14-3-3蛋白EST序列BXC56（登录号为FG589472）、BMCl20（登录号为FG589351）,采用RACE技术获取松材线虫和拟松材线虫14-3-3蛋白的全长cDNA克隆Bxl4-3-3a和Bml4-3-3a,并对克隆片段序列进行分析。[结果]Bx14-3-3a全长1039bp,包含一个756bp的开放阅读框,编码蛋白含有251个氨基酸残基,包含2个14-3-3蛋白标签,编码蛋白分子量为61．43kD,等电点为4．88。Bx14-3-3a基因组结构中包含4个外显子和3个内舍子序列。Bm14-3-3a全长992bp。有与Bx14-3-3a编码完全相同的氨基酸序列。序列比对结果表明,14-3-3在真核生物间高度保守,Bx14-3-3A和Bm14-3-3A蛋白在系统进化上与线形动物门（Nematomorpha）的物种近缘关系较近,与植物线虫南方根结线虫（Meloidogyneincognita）系统发育关系上最为亲近。[结论]Bx14-3-3a和Bm14-3-3a的成功克隆,为进一步研究其功能及其调控因子对形态、致病力、繁殖力和环境适应性等方面的分子调控机制奠定了重要基础。     

小麦胚乳14-3-3基因的克隆及其重组蛋白的原核表达

【目的】克隆小麦籽粒胚乳14-3-3基因,并进行体外表达,为进一步研究其对籽粒生长发育的调控作用奠定基础。【方法】根据已有同源基因保守序列,设计插入限制性酶切位点的特异性扩增引物,采用RT-PCR方法扩增发育的小麦胚乳14-3-3基因,克隆测序后转入表达载体,在大肠杆菌中进行表达,并进行纯化。【结果】从开花后灌浆13-15 d的小麦品种济麦22籽粒胚乳中克隆到1个14-3-3基因,序列分析表明为非ε型,含1个777 bp的开放阅读框,编码蛋白259 aa,分子量约29 kD。核苷酸序列分析表明与小麦、水稻、玉米、大麦、大豆等主要农作物和模式植物拟南芥的14-3-3基因有较高的同源性,最高达98%,编码蛋白氨基酸长度也一致（260 aa左右）;在大肠杆菌中高效表达的重组蛋白约为30 kD,分子量大小与根据核苷酸序列推导的编码蛋白一致。从基因序列的同源性、编码蛋白的氨基酸长度、表达蛋白的分子量大小分析都说明克隆到的基因为14-3-3基因,并准确插入表达载体,得到了高效正确表达。将克隆的基因插入pET29c载体,热激转化大肠杆菌BL21-CodonPlus(DE3)-RP,得到了高效表达,但主要以包涵体形式（80%）存在。对重组蛋白进行了纯化,可溶性重组蛋白利用S-蛋白琼脂糖树脂得到纯化的蛋白,包涵体重组蛋白经变性溶解、复性后,也利用S-蛋白琼脂糖树脂得到了高度纯化的重组蛋白。【结论】利用RT-PCR技术从发育的小麦胚乳中克隆到1个14-3-3基因,并在大肠杆菌中得到了高效表达,重组蛋白经过纯化得到了纯度较高的活性蛋白。     

桔小实蝇14-3-3基因的克隆和表达谱分析

【目的】克隆桔小实蝇14-3-3蛋白的基因（Bactrocera dorsalis 14-3-3,Bdor 14-3-3）,研究Bdor 14-3-3 mRNA在不同组织和不同发育时期的表达情况,探索其是否参与了桔小实蝇的发育过程。【方法】采用反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)和快速扩增cDNA末端(RACE)技术克隆Bdor 14-3-3;采用实时荧光定量PCR（real-time PCR）方法,研究Bdor 14-3-3 mRNA在桔小实蝇不同组织及不同发育时期的相对表达量。【结果】克隆获得了Bdor 14-3-3基因,其编码区长度为747 bp,编码248个氨基酸残基。氨基酸序列一致性分析表明,在昆虫纲中,桔小实蝇与刺舌蝇14-3-3蛋白的序列一致性最高,为98.8%,与豌豆蚜的序列一致性最低,为85.4%。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,Bdor 14-3-3 mRNA在桔小实蝇不同组织和发育时期都有表达;在雌虫头（去除触角）和翅中的相对表达量均较高,分别是触角的1.39和1.44倍;在雄虫胸和后足中的相对表达量均较高,分别是前足的1.28 和1.23倍。在蛹的早期发育过程中Bdor 14-3-3 mRNA表达量逐渐升高,到7 d蛹期相对表达量达到最高峰,是10 d蛹的4.91倍。【结论】克隆获得了Bdor 14-3-3基因,其表达的14-3-3蛋白可能参与了桔小实蝇的变态发育过程,尤其在蛹的发育过程中Bdor 14-3-3可能发挥着重要作用。     

高比活度碳-14标记毒氟磷的合成与分析

以[14C]碳酸钡为放射性同位素原料,通过格氏反应、Curtius重排、亲核加成、硫代及关环等7步反应,制备了同位素碳-14标记的毒氟磷粗品,经反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）纯化获得标记物纯品14C-毒氟磷（N-[2-（4-甲基苯并[2-14C]噻唑基）]-2-氨基-2-氟代苯基-O,O-二乙基甲基膦酸酯,38.3 mCi）。7步反应的化学收率/放化收率为10%。其结构经核磁共振氢谱、质谱和放射性高效液相色谱（HPLC-FSA）分析确认。放射性薄层成像分析（TLC-IIA）、高效液相色谱-液体闪烁测量联用分析（HPLC-LSC）、高效液相色谱-流动液体闪烁测量/二极管阵列检测器/质谱联用分析（HPLC-FSA/PDA/MS）和LSC分析表明,14C-毒氟磷的放化纯度和化学纯度均大于98%,比活度为58.0 mCi/mmol,可作为放射性示踪剂,用于毒氟磷的代谢和环境行为等研究。     

Does agricultural use of azole fungicides contribute to resistance in the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus?

Azole resistance in human fungal pathogens has increased over the past twenty years, especially in immunocompromised patients. Similarities between medical and agricultural azoles, and extensive azole (14α‐demethylase inhibitor, DMI) use in crop protection, prompted speculation that resistance in patients with aspergillosis originated in the environment. Aspergillus species, and especially Aspergillus fumigatus, are the largest cause of patient deaths from fungi. Azole levels in soils following crop spraying, and differences in sensitivity between medical and agricultural azoles (DMIs), indicate weaker selection in cropping systems than in patients receiving azole therapy. Most fungi have just one CYP51 paralogue (isozyme CYP51B), but in Aspergillus sp. mutations conferring azole resistance are largely confined to a second paralogue, CYP51A. Binding within the active centre is similar for medical and agricultural azoles but differences elsewhere between the two paralogues may ensure selection depends on the DMI used on crops. Two imidazoles, imazalil and prochloraz, have been widely used since the early 1970s, yet unlike triazoles they have not been linked to resistance in patients. Evidence that DMIs are the origin, or increase the frequency, of azole resistance in human fungal pathogens is lacking. Limiting DMI use would have serious impacts on disease control in many crops, and remove key tools in anti‐resistance strategies. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Molecular Characterization of Equine Rotavirus Group A Detected in Argentinean Foals During 2009–2014

Equine rotavirus group A (RVA) has been detected in several countries worldwide since its first detection in 1975. Currently, equine RVA is considered the major cause of dehydrating diarrhea in foals younger than 3 months, and the frequency of detection in clinical cases varies from 20% to 77%. The genotypes of epidemiologic relevance found in horses are G3P[12] and G14P[12]. In a survey conducted in Argentina from 1992 to 2008, equine RVA was detected in 21% and 39% of the fecal samples and outbreaks, respectively. Genotype distribution was 51% G3P[12] and 33% G14P[12]. In continuation with the surveillance, the aim of the present study was to characterize the equine RVA detected in Thoroughbred foals in Argentina from 2009 to 2014. A total of 436 stool samples (corresponding to 177 single diarrhea cases or outbreaks) were analyzed. Equine RVA was detected in 31% (135 of 436) of the samples, which corresponded to 42% (74 of 177) of outbreaks. From the positive cases, 42% (57 of 135) were genotyped. Of this, 63% were G3 (36 of 57) and 37% (21 of 57) were G14 genotype. Considering the whole data (1992–2014), equine RVA was detected in 25% (300 of 1,207) of the stool samples and 41% (119 of 293) of the diarrhea outbreaks. The results of this study also show a cyclic pattern of the G3 and G14 prevalence in the horse population with a change in G3:G14 frequencies from year to year. Furthermore, clustering in the phylogenetic tree suggests evolutionary and geographic relationships between the Argentinean strains compared with the strain circulating worldwide.