Evolution of CDC42, a putative virulence factor triggering meristematic growth in black yeasts

The cell division cycle gene (CDC42) controlling cellular polarization was studied in members of Chaetothyriales. Based on ribosomal genes, ancestral members of the order exhibit meristematic growth in view of their colonization of inert surfaces such as rock, whereas in derived members of the order the gene is a putative virulence factor involved in expression of the muriform cell, the invasive phase in human chromoblastomycosis. Specific primers were developed to amplify a portion of the gene of 32 members of the order with known position according to ribosomal phylogeny. Phylogeny of CDC42 proved to be very different. In all members of Chaetohyriales the protein sequence is highly conserved. In most species, distributed all over the phylogenetic tree, introns and 3^rd codon positions are also invariant. However, a number of species had paralogues with considerable deviation in non-coding exon positions, and synchronous variation in introns, although non-synonomous variation had remained very limited. In some strains both orthologues and paralogues were present. It is concluded that CDC42 does not show any orthologous evolution, and that its paralogues haves the same function but are structurally relaxed. The variation or absence thereof could not be linked to ecological changes, from rock-inhabiting to pathogenic life style. It is concluded that eventual pathogenicity in Chaetothyriales is not expressed at the DNA level in CDC42 evolution.     

Functional hermaphroditism in teleosts

Teleost fishes are characterized by a diversity of sexual patterns. Hermaphroditism, the expression of both male and female reproductive function in a single individual, generates the most curiosity and controversy. Yet diagnosis of this form of sexuality continues to challenge workers, in particular the distinction between functional and non‐functional hermaphroditism. This distinction, reflected as it is in the relationships between gonad form and function, is important if we wish to improve our understanding of the origin of hermaphroditism in the teleosts and of its highly sporadic expression today. Although structure can indicate phylogenetic affinities, it does not always reflect reproductive function, and function is important for understanding adaptation. With resurgent interest in hermaphroditism comes the recognition that understanding sexual pattern is not only important for better knowledge of reproductive biology and ecology but may also elucidate phylogenetic relationships. On the basis of a conservative and clearly defined set of diagnostic criteria, which incorporate new accounts of hermaphroditic species, and by applying an improved understanding of gonadal ontogeny, a comprehensive review and careful re‐examination of all primary literature was conducted. This overview documents the incidence of hermaphroditism in teleosts and explores its phylogenetic distribution, possible origin and range of expression. The review confirms functional hermaphroditism in 27 teleost families in seven orders, predominantly among tropical, marine perciforms in which its diversity of expression is greatest. In families with functional hermaphrodites, the sexual pattern is widespread and often highly variable in expression, even within a single genus or between populations. Based on our understanding of gonadal ontogeny in teleosts and on known phylogenetic interrelationships, the origin of functional hermaphroditism is most parsimoniously explained by a proto‐hermaphroditic condition in teleosts and cyclostomes, constituting a hermaphroditic potential for these groups. Exploitation and expression of this potential appear to be a response to a suite of environmental and biological factors, opportunities and constraints that result in the independent appearance of the hermaphroditic option in many different fish lineages.     

A rock-inhabiting ancestor for mutualistic and pathogen-rich fungal lineages

Rock surfaces are unique terrestrial habitats in which rapid changes in the intensity of radiation, temperature, water supply and nutrient availability challenge the survival of microbes. A specialised, but diverse group of free-living, melanised fungi are amongst the persistent settlers of bare rocks. Multigene phylogenetic analyses were used to study relationships of ascomycetes from a variety of substrates, with a dataset including a broad sampling of rock dwellers from different geographical locations. Rock-inhabiting fungi appear particularly diverse in the early diverging lineages of the orders Chaetothyriales and Verrucariales. Although these orders share a most recent common ancestor, their lifestyles are strikingly different. Verrucariales are mostly lichen-forming fungi, while Chaetothyriales, by contrast, are best known as opportunistic pathogens of vertebrates (e.g. Cladophialophora bantiana and Exophiala dermatitidis, both agents of fatal brain infections) and saprophytes. The rock-dwelling habit is shown here to be key to the evolution of these two ecologically disparate orders. The most recent common ancestor of Verrucariales and Chaetothyriales is reconstructed as a non-lichenised rock-inhabitant. Ancestral state reconstructions suggest Verrucariales as one of the independent ascomycetes group where lichenisation has evolved on a hostile rock surface that might have favored this shift to a symbiotic lifestyle. Rock-inhabiting fungi are also ancestral to opportunistic pathogens, as they are found in the early diverging lineages of Chaetothyriales. In Chaetothyriales and Verrucariales, specific morphological and physiological traits (here referred to as extremotolerance) evolved in response to stresses in extreme conditions prevailing on rock surfaces. These factors facilitated colonisation of various substrates including the brains of vertebrates by opportunistic fungal pathogens, as well as helped establishment of a stable lichen symbiosis.     

硬骨鱼类线粒体基因系统发育信息效率分析

采用PCR产物直接测序法获得圆斑星鲽（Verasper variegatus）和条斑星鲽（V．moseri）线粒体基因组的全部基因序列，并从GenBank中下载已知分类地位相关鱼类的线粒体基因的核苷酸序列和蛋白质氨基酸序列，用蛙、鸡、牛做外群，采用NJ和MP法，重建鱼类的系统发育树。通过计算各个基因在重建系统发育树时的准确率，估算该基因所含有的系统发育信息。结果表明，从氨基酸序列和核苷酸序列以及在目、科、属综合分析，这些基因的系统发育信息大致分为好（16S rRNA、ND2、ND4、12S rRNA、ND6、ND5）、中（Cytb、COII、COIII、ND1、COI）和差（ND3、ND4L、ATP6、ATP8）3个组。在目阶元，当用核苷酸序列分析时，12SrRNA、16SrRNA、COII、ND4、ND5和ND6最好，COI、COIII、Cytb、ND1和ND2为中等，而ND3、ATPase6、ATPase8和ND4L最差。当用氨基酸序列分析时，ND4和ND5最好，ND1、ND2、Cytb、ND6、COI、COII和ND4L为中等，ND3、ATPase6、COIII和ATPase8最差。在科阶元，当用核苷酸序列时，12SrRNA、16SrRNA、ND2和ND6系统发育信息最好；用氨基酸序列时，Cytb和ND2最好。在属阶元，所有基因的核苷酸序列都具有很好的系统发育信息，而COII、ND4L、ND1和ND3的氨基酸序列系统发育信息最差。本研究结果有助于进一步利用线粒体基因研究分析鱼类系统进化关系。     

茶树SRO基因家族的鉴定及表达分析

SROs(Similar to rcd one)是植物特有的基因家族。本研究利用生物信息学方法从茶树基因组中鉴定获得9个茶树SRO基因家族成员,分别命名为CsRCD1-4和CsSRO1-5。9个茶树SRO基因的编码蛋白均具有特征结构域PARP和RST,具有相似的保守基序。系统进化树分析聚分为3组,Ι组包含CsRCD1-4,Ⅱ组包含CsSRO1和CsSRO2,Ⅲ组包含CsSRO3-5。基因结构分析表明每个CsSRO基因含有4至9个外显子。8个茶树组织转录组数据分析表明,CsRCD1、CsRCD3和CsRCD4可能在茶树不同发育阶段具有重要作用;大多数CsSRO基因在根和成熟叶中较高表达。上游启动子区域分析发现大量与植物发育、激素及胁迫响应密切相关的顺式作用元件,进一步对CsSRO基因在干旱和脱落酸处理下的表达模式进行分析发现,9个CsSRO基因均被诱导表达,CsSRO基因可能与茶树抗旱密切相关。     

星天牛转录组及三大解毒酶家族相关基因系统发育分析

【目的】研究星天牛转录组信息及体内细胞色素P450单加氧酶(cytochrome P450 monooxygenase,CYP)、羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterase,CarE)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)三大解毒酶系的表达谱情况,通过构建系统进化树,探析其这3种酶系基因家族的类别及其系统演化关系,为星天牛对多寄主种类的适应性与杀虫剂的抗药性机制研究提供依据。【方法】采用新一代高通量测序技术Illumina HiSeq TM 2500 对星天牛进行转录组测序与数据分析,通过数据筛选并进一步与鞘翅目近缘物种的解毒酶同源蛋白进行系统发育分析。【结果】经测序、序列拼接得到55 260条unigenes,将其与公共数据库进行同源比对,注释了32 247条unigenes,在Swiss-Prot数据库注释的unigenes的数量最多(99.11%);注释到Nr数据库时与赤拟谷盗的unigenes同源性最高(60.25%);在GO数据库中,共有8 083个unigenes被成功注释,根据其功能大致可分为3 类47 亚类;在KEGG数据库中,4 600 条unigenes与162个预测路径可以匹配。通过基因注释发现248条解毒酶系基因在星天牛体内表达,包括139条CYP基因、72条CarE基因、37条GST基因。系统发育分析发现,星天牛的大部分CYP基因都至少与一种鞘翅目近缘物种的CYP基因聚类在一起,P450基因中的CYP6家族数量与其他近缘物种(鞘翅目)类似,包含的基因数量最多;CarE解毒酶蛋白基因主要为β-酯酶、神经趋化蛋白、外源性代谢酶、未知等4种类型,分别可能参与星天牛的一些激素以及信息素的加工、神经和发育过程、消化与解毒等生理过程;星天牛的GST基因聚类主要包含Microsomal GST、Sigma GST、Omega GST、Delta GST、Theta GST等亚家族,具有保护生物大分子免受氧化损伤、催化活力等功能。【结论】本研究获得星天牛的转录组信息,初步探明星天牛体内三大解毒酶系的表达谱及分化情况,可为星天牛对多寄主种类的适应性与杀虫剂抗药性的产生及遗传机制研究提供基础数据和参考。     

刀孢蜡蚧菌的鉴定及其对南方根结线虫不同生活阶段的定殖

【目的】明确卵寄生真菌（Lecanicillium psalliotae）刀孢蜡蚧菌对根结线虫的防治潜力。【方法】采用分离自山东青岛城阳丝瓜根结线虫的卵寄生真菌CGMCC5329,通过形态学特征观测及分子生物学分析,鉴定该菌株为刀孢蜡蚧菌。显微观察刀孢蜡蚧菌对南方根结线虫（Meloidogyne incognita）不同生活阶段的定殖。【结果】刀孢蜡蚧菌能够寄生南方根结线虫生活史中的卵、2龄幼虫和雌虫,同时对卵块内卵孵化具有明显的抑制作用。该菌菌丝在卵表面形成侵染钉,卵壳皱缩凹陷,卵胚胎发育停止和内容物凝集,卵内长满菌丝,有时可见到菌丝上形成瓶梗细胞和分生孢子。第6天卵寄生率为85.76%;15 d卵块相对孵化抑制率为91.41%。被真菌寄生的2龄幼虫体表形成致密菌网,穿透体壁,体内长满菌丝,5 d后寄生率为79.23%。寄生的雌虫体壁形成致密菌网和侵染钉,体壁皱缩变形,有时内容物外渗。【结论】刀孢蜡蚧菌CGMCC5329不仅能寄生根结线虫生活史中定居态的雌虫和卵,还能寄生侵染态2龄幼虫。该菌是具有生物防治应用潜力的根结线虫寄生真菌。     

桑属IIS、trnL-F、rps16序列与进化分析

[目的]分析桑属ITS、trnL-F、rps16序列,探讨系统学价值.[方法]67份桑资源,经DNA提取、PCR扩增、测序,测序结果用软件拼接、比对,并从GenBank下载桑属ITS、trnL-F、rps16序列进行同源性分析,计算其长度、G+C(或A+T)含量、变异位点、信息位点,将3个序列合并,以构树、柘树为外类群,采用MP法分析进化关系.[结果]桑ITS(包括5.8S)基本序列长度为576 bp,变异范围为576-590 bp,G+C含量为59.55%--62.25%,40个信息位点;trnL-F(包括tRNA-Leu内含子)基本序列长度为923 bp,变异范围为920-924 bp,A+T含量为65.87%-66.31%,23个信息位点;rps16内含子基本序列长度为929 bp,变异范围为923-929 bp,A+T含量为67.28%-67.49%,17个信息位点.3个序列的最适碱基进化模型分别为(GTR+G)、(GTR)和(GTR+G),可能的分支概率-混合卡方概率值分别为0.000001、0.027175和0.000222,3个片段合并最适碱基进化模型为(GTR+G),基于模型用MP法分析,在2 538个位点中,有80个信息位点.分支图结果表明,首先将黑桑(M.nigra)分出,其它桑种分成2支,第一支包括长穗桑、瑞穗桑、蒙桑、鬼桑、鸡桑、山桑、白桑和广东桑,第二支包括华桑、奶桑和川桑.[结论]桑属traL-F和rps16序列信,息位点有限,单独研究桑属系统学,价值不大,与ITS序列合并研究,则能增加分支图的信息位点,使分支图更近于似然.基于ITS、trnL-F、rps16序列MP分支图,新疆黑桑为最原始类型,乌克兰等栽培种为进化类型.     

基于Cyt b基因序列变异探讨鲱形目系统发育关系

鲱形目内科间分类关系一直以来存在较多争议,为探讨鲱形目系统发育关系,对黄鲫、凤鲚的线粒体Cyt b基因全序列进行扩增、克隆及测序,得到1 141 bp序列。结合Genbank中已发布的鲱形目鱼类Cyt b基因全长序列利用生物信息学软件进行比较分析后,共检测到553个变异位点,总变异为48.5%,其中含504个简约信息位点,未见序列插入或缺失。碱基的替换多在密码子第三位,序列中转换多于颠换,Ts/Tv为2.448,基因突变未达到饱和。基于K2P模型计算的遗传距离表明,宝刀鱼科同鲱科及鳀科的科间遗传距离（0.042~0.072）小于鲱科内属间遗传距离（0.065~0.106）。在以南美肺鱼为外群构建的NJ分子系统树中,齿头鲱科最先分化,是鲱形目中原始类群;鳓属、多齿鳓属独立聚为一支,且具较高的自举检验值,支持将其归入锯腹鳓科;宝刀鱼科并入到鲱科一支中去,与鲱科亲缘关系更近。     

Cytb、12SrRNA基因进化速度对构建系统进化树的影响

[目的]论证线粒体Cytb和12SrRNA基因不同进化速率影响构建的系统树拓扑结构。[方法]从GenBank下载了蛇亚目12科15种蛇线粒体全序列,提取Cytb和12SrRNA基因序列,选用GTR＋I＋G核苷酸替代模型,基于最大似然法,用PAUP4.0软件分别构建2个基因的系统关系树。[结果]在选用相同的软件、建树方法和研究物种的情况下,构建的系统树拓扑结构差异主要是因为线粒体Cytb和12SrRNA基因进化速率不同产生的。[结论]在分子系统进化研究中,要针对不同的研究物种和研究目的,选择合适的基因构建系统进化树。