等维灰数递补动态模型在城市生活用水量预测中的应用

运用灰色系统理论中“等维灰数递补动态模型”对城市生活用水量进行了分析与预测。一是对用水人口进行预测,并运用回归理论对城市生活用水量与用水人口的关系建立模型,对城市生活用水量进行了预测;二是运用等维灰数递补动态模型直接对生活用水量进行预测。     

论农田水利供给效率影响因素的二维二层模型及路径选择

基于农田水利供给效率的内涵,从供求关系、成本和效益两个方面研究农田水利供给效率影响因素,依据供给和需求两个维度,宏观和微观两个层面,构建影响农田水利供给效率的二维二层模型;在此基础上,提出构建农田水利供给的多元体系,降低农田水利的成本,提高效益,实现农田水利供给和需求平衡等改进农田水利供给效率的路径选择。     

玉米叶片铜污染的EEMD-MA-FD光谱诊断模型

以铜为例探讨重金属不同胁迫浓度下玉米叶片光谱的微弱信息量差异,在2017年测定的玉米叶片光谱数据和Cu~(2+)含量的基础上,结合集成经验模态分解(Ensemble empirical mode decomposition,EEMD)、Mallat算法(MA)和分形维数(Fractal dimension,FD)构建EEMD-MA-FD光谱诊断模型来进行光谱弱信息变换监测。与红边最大值、蓝边最大值等常规重金属污染监测方法进行对比分析,验证EEMD-MA-FD模型在玉米叶片铜污染监测中的优越性,最后利用2016年采集的光谱数据作为检验数据验证模型的稳定性。结果显示,玉米叶片Cu~(2+)含量与EEMD-MA-FD模型结果存在较强的相关性,相关系数为-0.942 2,检验数据Cu~(2+)含量与模型结果相关系数为-0.993 7,与实验结果有较高的一致性。由此验证了EEMD-MA-FD诊断模型在农作物重金属铜污染监测中的可行性。     

银川平原草甸湿地土壤分形特征

【目的】探究银川平原草甸湿地土壤的分形特征、粒径分布特点以及它们在土壤垂直剖面上的变 化规律,并对研究区土壤分形维数与植物群落多样性的关系做初步探索。【方法】以银川平原草甸湿地的土壤 为研究对象,利用水分和盐分差异将研究区分为低湿草甸、典型草甸和盐生草甸 3 种生境,采用粒径质量分布 表征土壤的分形特征,选用 Simpson 物种优势度指数、Shannon-Weiner 物种多样性指数、Margalef 物种丰富度指 数和 Pielou 物种均匀度指数作为植物的多样性指数,进行对比研究。【结果】银川平原草甸湿地土壤以粘粒的 微团聚体为主,分形维数值趋于 2.28~2.84;3 种草甸湿地的土壤分形维数存在显著差异,表现为典型草甸（2.74） ＞盐生草甸（2.72）＞低湿草甸（2.66）;土壤分形维数与粘粒含量呈极显著正相关,与极细砂粒和细砂粒含量 呈极显著负相关;土壤垂直剖面上表层粘粒和粉粒含量较高,深层极细砂粒和细砂粒含量较高,中砂粒波动较大, 粗砂粒仅出现在表层或深层;低湿草甸的植物群落物种多样性较高,多样性指数平均值达 1.15。【结论】银川 平原草甸湿地土壤粒径和分形特点受局部地形环境的水文关系影响较明显;水土过程对植物群落物种多样性产 生直接影响,土壤物理结构对植物群落物种多样性起间接驱动作用,同时人为因素起着至关重要的作用。     

Exogenous application of humic acid and salicylic acid to alleviate seedling drought stress in two corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids

Efficacy of 1?mM humic (HA) and salicylic (SC) acids on SC 260 and SC 705 corn seedlings to alleviate drought stress via polyethylene glycol was studied via hydroponics at Shiraz University, Iran in a factorial, randomized design, with four replicates each. Under stress, SC 260 had higher electrolyte leakage compared to SC 705, and exogenous application of HA combined with SA decreased SC 705 electrolyte leakage. As a general trend, photosynthetic pigment content, relative water content, root and shoot length, mean number and diameter of central and peripheral root metaxylem, and K⁺ accumulation were higher in SC 705 treated with HA and SA compared to SC 260. Application of HA with SA could be an effective and low cost approach to ensure seedling establishment and plant growth in fields affected by soil drought in the early season, especially for the SC 705 corn hybrid in semi-arid regions.     

枫桦树枝和树根木质部非结构性碳水化合物的地区差异

以中国伏牛山脉木札岭和小兴安岭帽儿山2个区域的散孔材树种枫桦(Betula costata)为对象,研究落叶后树枝和树根木质部中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量的地域差异。结果表明,帽儿山枫桦树根和树枝的可溶性糖与淀粉含量均>木札岭;2个区域枫桦树根的可溶性糖与淀粉含量均>树枝。枫桦非结构性碳水化合物的地区差异以及组织差异是树木在休眠期应对环境变化特别是温度变化的结果。     

豫东南沙地4种人工林土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布研究

为探究林分类型对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布特性的影响,以豫东南沙地4种典型人工林(桂花、合欢、栾树和女贞)为研究对象,通过野外调查、取土壤样品和室内试验对土壤团聚体和有机碳进行测定、分析。结果表明,①4种林分类型下土壤大团聚体(>0.25mm)含量最高,占林地土壤总团聚体的69.63%%~97.30%,粒径0.25~0.15mm团聚体含量最低,且不同林分类型下各层土壤团聚体的质量分数呈现不同的差异。②表层(0~10cm)土壤团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)均表现为栾树>合欢>桂花>女贞,分形维数(D)排序则与之相反,变化范围为2.515~1.653,栾树的土壤结构稳定性最强。③随土壤团聚体粒径的减小,4种林分土壤有机碳含量总体上呈现先升后降趋势,土壤剖面上也表现出随土层加深而下降。不同林分类型下,土壤有机碳含量差异性表现为合欢最高,栾树最低,变化范围分别为45.76~7.65和17.78~3.49g/kg。④回归分析表明,女贞林分下土壤大团聚体与有机碳含量相关性最强,土壤有机碳可解释17.5%土壤大团聚体含量的变化。研究得出该地区栾树林下土壤团聚体稳定性较强,合欢林下土壤有机碳含量最高。     

Characterizing Spatial Variability of Soil Textural Fractions and Fractal Parameters Derived from Particle Size Distributions

Soil particle size distribution (PSD) is a fundamental physical property affecting other soil properties. Characterizing spatial variability of soil texture is very important in environmental research. The objectives of this work were: 1) to partition PSD of 75 soil samples, collected from a flat field in the University of Guilan, Iran, into two scaling domains using a piecewise fractal model to evaluate the relationships between fractal dimensions of scaling domains and soil clay, silt, and sand fractions and 2) to assess the potential of fractal parameters as an index used in a geostatistical approach reflecting the spatial variability of soil texture. Features of PSD of soil samples were studied using fractal geometry, and geostatistical techniques were used to characterize the spatial variability of fractal and soil textural parameters. There were two scaling domains for the PSD of soil samples. The fractal dimensions of these two scaling domains (D₁ and D₂) were then used to characterize different ranges of soil particle sizes and their relationships to the soil textural parameters. There was a positive correlation between D₁ and clay content (R² = 0.924), a negative correlation between D₁ and silt content (R² = 0.801), and a negative correlation between D₂ and sand content (R² = 0.913). The geometric mean diameter of soil particles had a negative correlation with D₁ (R² = 0.569) and D₂ (R² = 0.682). Semivariograms of fractal dimensions and soil textural parameters were calculated and the maps of spatial variation of D₁ and D₂ and soil PSD parameters were provided using ordinary kriging. The results showed that there were also spatial correlations between D₁ and D₂ and particle size fractions. According to the semivariogram models and validation parameters, the fractal parameters had powerful spatial structure and could better describe the spatial variability of soil texture.     

双磨耗设置与二次精车相结合提高数控车削精度的分析研究

尺寸加工精度是数控车削加工时必须重点考虑的问题。通过实例,深入分析对比了两种磨耗设置方法对尺寸加工精度的影响程度,得出了相比于单磨耗设置与一次精车,双磨耗设置与二次精车相结合的数控车削加工方式,能使整个切削过程工况相近,切削性能稳定。它可以有效地确保工件的尺寸加工精度,提升产品加工质量。     

氮磷水耦合作用下土壤种子库植被恢复应用参数的优化

[目的]探究植被恢复工程中氮、磷、水的交互作用对土壤种子库萌发的影响,可为表层土壤的合理利用以及土壤种子库植被恢复工程中相关参数的调控提供有价值的参考。[方法]采用温室萌发法,探讨氮、磷、水分等单一因素对土壤种子库萌发及幼苗初期生长的影响;采用Box-Behnken中心组合设计(BBC)与响应面法(RSM)相结合的方法来探究这3个因素对土壤种子库萌发及幼苗初期生长的交互影响,并得到植被恢复的最优方案;采用降维法对响应面模型中3因素的耦合作用进行验证。[结果]①当氮、磷、水分分别位于5～20 g/m~2,5～15 g/m~2,10～30 mm范围时,土壤种子库的萌发及幼苗初期生长情况相对较好;②响应面分析中最适模型为二次模型,在该模型中水分(C)对响应值Y的影响最大,且植被恢复的最优条件为氮13.54 g/m~2,磷9.47 g/m~2,水分30 mm;③在水分较低的情况下,植物对氮、磷的吸收也相对较低,氮、磷、水的交互作用不显著;而在水分较高的情况下,即使施肥较少,其对应的土壤种子库萌发效果也高于施肥水平高而水分胁迫的处理。降维分析进一步验证了水分的重要性,这与响应面分析中的结果相吻合。[结论]尽管优化条件可能与实际中略有差异,但该研究仍有很大的参考价值,且氮、磷与水分的交互效应均表现出对土壤种子库萌发及幼苗生长的促进作用。