Effects of salicylic acid on growth and accumulation of phenolics in Zea mays L. under drought stress

The accumulation of total soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics and total soluble proteins in Zea mays plants exposed to drought stress and foliar spray of salicylic acid (SA) at 10^?4?mol/L and 10^?5?mol/L was investigated. Drought stress was imposed at the four-leaf stage for 10 days (30–35% field capacity). Dehydration of maize leaves was accompanied by the accumulation of both total soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics, reduction in leaf relative water content (LRWC), and shoot and root growth attributes. Foliar spraying of SA further augmented the content of total soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics and total soluble proteins content under drought stress. SA ameliorated the adverse effects of drought stress on LRWC, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, root length and root area. The accumulation of both soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics by foliar spray of SA may be a mechanism related to SA-induced drought stress tolerance in maize. It was concluded that foliar spraying of SA at 10^?5?mol/L can be highly economical and effective for modifying the effects of drought stress on maize at the four-leaf stage.     

Effect of Foliar Salicylic Acid Applications on Growth,Chlorophyll, and Mineral Content of Cucumber Grown Under Salt Stress

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of foliar salicylic acid (SA) applications on growth, chlorophyll, and mineral content of cucumber grown under salt stress. The study was conducted in pot experiments under greenhouse conditions. Cucumber seedlings were treated with foliar SA applications at different concentrations (0.0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mM). Salinity treatments were established by adding 0, 60, and 120 mM of sodium chloride (NaCl) to a base complete nutrient solution. The SA was applied with spraying two times as before and after transplanting. Salt stress negatively affected the growth, chlorophyll content and mineral uptake of cucumber plants. However, foliar applications of SA resulted in greater shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, and root dry weight as well as higher plants under salt stress. Shoot diameter and leaf number per plant increased with SA treatments under salt stress. The greatest chlorophyll content was obtained with 1.00 mM SA treatment in both saline and non-saline conditions. Leaf water relative content (LWRC) reduced in response to salt stress while SA raised LWRC of salt stressed cucumber plants. Salinity treatments induced significant increases in electrolyte leakage. Plants treated with foliar SA had lower values of electrolyte leakage than non-treated ones. In regard to nutrient content, it can be interfered that foliar SA applications increased almost all nutrient content in leaves and roots of cucumber plants under salt stress. Generally, the greatest values were obtained from 1.00 mM SA application. Based on these findings, the SA treatments may help alleviate the negative effect of salinity on the growth of cucumber.     

干旱胁迫对丹参幼苗气体交换特征和保护酶活性的影响

以大叶型丹参(SA)和小叶型丹参(SI)为材料,设置了对照正常供水(CK)、轻度干旱胁迫(LD)、中度干旱胁迫(MD)、重度干旱胁迫(SD)4个处理,研究了不同程度干旱胁迫对丹参叶片气体交换特征与保护酶的影响.结果显示:(1)干旱胁迫下2个丹参品种叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(T.)、气孔导度(Gs)都有不同程度...     

干旱及复水条件下草甘膦对抗草甘膦大豆幼苗渗透调节物质和莽草酸含量的影响

为探明干旱胁迫及复水条件下不同剂量草甘膦对抗草甘膦大豆(RR1)幼苗叶片渗透调节物质、莽草酸(shikimic acid, SA)含量及根系活力的影响,采用盆栽试验,在大豆的第3复叶期进行水分胁迫5d和除草剂草甘膦处理,研究RR1幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白(soluble protein, SP)、可溶性糖(soluble sugar, SS)、游离脯氨酸(free praline, FP)、莽草酸(shikimic acid, SA)含量和根系活力(RA)的变化。结果表明,干旱胁迫前期RR1叶片的SP含量随草甘膦剂量的增加呈先升高后降低趋势,0.46kg/hm2叶片SP的含量最高,胁迫后期SP含量随草甘膦剂量的增加而降低;SS、FP和SA含量随草甘膦剂量的增加和胁迫时间的延长而增加,RA随草甘膦剂量的增加和胁迫时间的延长而降低。复水12d后,不同剂量草甘膦处理的各指标均有所恢复。干旱条件下,经草甘膦处理的RR1叶片的SP含量和RA低于草甘膦在正常水分条件下的处理,而SS、FP和SA含量相反。相关性分析表明,FP和SA含量与草甘膦剂量的相关关系最明显;而SS和SA含量与干旱胁迫时间的相关关系最明显。说明正常水分条件下,草甘膦对RR1幼苗造成的伤害经过一段时间后有所缓解;干旱胁迫加剧了草甘膦对RR1幼苗叶片渗透调节物质、莽草酸含量和根系活力的影响。抗草甘膦大豆主要通过积累FP、SS和SA对草甘膦和干旱胁迫做出响应。     

Effects of phosphorus and water stress levels on growth and phosphorus uptake of bean and sorghum cultivars

Primary determinants of crop production in arid/semiarid regions are lack of moisture and infertility, especially phosphorus (P) deficiency or unavailability. The effects of P and water stress (WS) levels on shoot and root dry matter (DM), leaf area, root volume, total root length, and shoot and root P concentrations and contents were determined in two bean [Phaseolus acutifolius Gray, cv ‘Tepary #21’ ("drought‐resistant") and P. vulgaris L., cv “Emerson’ ("drought‐sensitive")] and two sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, cv SA7078 ("drought‐resistant") and ‘Redlan’ ("drought‐sensitive")] cultivars grown in nutrient solution. Plants were grown with different levels of P (20 and 100 μM for bean and 20, 80, and 160 μM for sorghum) when seedlings were transferred to nutrient solution, and WS levels of 0, 13.8, and 1 6.4% polyethylene glycol (PEG‐8000) introduced after plants had grown in solution 23 days (bean) and 31 days (sorghum). All growth traits were lower when bean and sorghum plants were grown with WS and low P. Growth traits were higher in cultivars grown with high compared to low P regardless of WS. Root P concentration and content and shoot content, but not shoot P concentration, were lower when bean plants were grown with WS compared to without WS. Tepary #21 bean had higher shoot DM, leaf area, total root length, and shoot P concentration than Emerson when plants were grown with WS at each level of P. Sorghum shoot and root P concentrations were higher as P level increased regardless of WS, and WS had little effect on shoot P concentration, but root P concentration was higher. Contents of P were similar for SA7078 and Redlan regardless of P or WS treatment, but SA7078 had greater P contents than Redlan over all P and WS treatments. “Drought‐resistant”; cultivars generally had better growth traits, especially total and specific root lengths, than “drought‐sensitive”; cultivars.     

Foliar application of silicon at different growth stages alters growth and yield of selected wheat cultivars

To evaluate the response of some selected wheat cultivars to silicon application at different growth stages under drought stress, an experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, during 2012 using a completely randomized factorial design with four replications. Experimental treatments included drought stress (100% F.C. as control and 40% F.C. as drought) and foliar application of 6 mM sodium silicate (control, application at mid tillering stage, at anthesis stage, and application at tillering + anthesis stages) and wheat cultivars (Sirvan and Chamran, relatively drought-tolerant, and Shiraz and Marvdasht, drought-sensitive cultivars). Drought stress significantly reduced chlorophyll content, leaf area, relative water content, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and biomass of all wheat cultivars. Furthermore, drought stress increased electrolyte leakage of the flag leaves of all cultivars. In contrast, foliar-applied silicon significantly increased these parameters and reduced electrolyte leakage. Furthermore, highest positive influence of silicon application was observed at combined use of silicon both at the tillering + anthesis stages in wheat plants under both stress and non-stress conditions. Significant differences were found in physiological responses among wheat cultivars. The drought tolerant cultivars (Sirvan and Chamran) had significantly higher growth and yield than those of drought sensitive cvs. Shiraz and Marvdasht under drought stress. In conclusion, foliar application of silicon especially at the tillering + anthesis stages was very effective in promoting resistance in wheat plants to drought conditions by maintaining cellular membrane integrity and relative water content, and increasing chlorophyll content.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF RICE SEEDLINGS TO COLD,SALT, AND DROUGHT STRESSES

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most sensitive crops to drought, salt and cold stresses, particularly at post germination stage. The effects of these stresses on some physiological responses of two (a salt tolerant and a sensitive) rice cultivars ‘FL478’ and ‘IR29’ were investigated in this study. Two-day seedlings were transferred to MS media complemented with iso-osmotic concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl; 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) or mannitol (0, 100, 180, and 275 mM) at 25°C or four and 15°C for 10 days. Experiments were carried out based on completely randomized design, with at least three replicates. All three stresses decreased shoot growth, chlorophylls, carotenoids and root starch while increased shoot soluble sugars. The effect of exerted cold stress on growth, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malonyldialdehyde levels, electrolyte leakage, chlorophylls and carotenoids contents was more than or comparable with drought, but greater than salinity. The results also indicated higher tolerance of ‘‘FL478’’ not only to salinity but also to drought compared to ‘‘IR29’’. Therefore, a mechanism for osmotic stress adjustment is probable in ‘‘FL478’’ in addition to low sodium (Na⁺) to potassium (K⁺) ratio in shoot tissues under salinity.     

Effectiveness of salicylic acid in mitigating salt-induced adverse effects on different physio-biochemical attributes in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of foliar salicylic acid (SA) on salt tolerance of sweet basil seedlings by examining growth, photosynthetic activity, total osmoregulators, and mineral content under salinity. Salinity treatments were established by adding 0, 60, and 120 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) to a base nutrient solution. The addition of 60 and 120 mM NaCl inhibited the growth, photosynthetic activity, and nutrient uptake of sweet basil seedlings, and increased the electrolyte leakage and the plant contents of proline and Na. Sweet basil seedlings were treated with foliar SA application at different concentrations (0.0, 0.50, and 1.00 mM). Foliar applications of SA led to an increase in the growth, chlorophyll content, and gas exchange attributes. With regard to nutrient content, it can be inferred that foliar SA applications increased almost all nutrient content in leaves of sweet basil plants under salt stress. Generally, the greatest values were obtained from 1.00 mM SA application.     

Grain filling pattern of Hordeum vulgare as affected by salicylic acid and salt stress

Although application of salicylic acid (SA) to various plants grown on saline soils has been examined adequately, the effect of SA on changes during grain filling period has not been studied in details. In this 2-year field study, the grain-filling pattern of barley has been monitored as affected by different SA concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0?mM) under varied irrigation salinity levels (2 and 12?dSm^?1) during 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing seasons. In both years, total soluble carbohydrates (TSC) increased up to 15?days after anthesis (DAA) and then decreased until the end of the grain-filling period. However, starch content (SC) and the mean grain weight (MGW) increased form the first sampling, and such increase was substantial between 15 and 25 DAA. The grain growth rate (GGR) and the absolute grain growth rate (AGGR) were enhanced up to 20 DAA and then were reduced until 30 DAA. The grain-filling pattern changed by salt stress, so that TSC was greater for the salt stressed plants from 15 or 10 DAA in the first and the second years, respectively. Throughout the grain-filling period, SC, MGW, and AGGR were lower under saline conditions in both years. Application of SA increased TSC, SC, MGW, GGR, and AGGR from 15 to 20 DAA, however, the effect of SA was obvious earlier under saline than the non-saline conditions. Generally, it can be concluded that SA foliar application might increase grain weight through modulating the negative impact of salt stress on carbohydrate and starch contents. It also appeared that the effect of SA was obvious earlier under salt stress conditions.     

Effect of Foliar Applications of Humic Acid on Growth,Visual Quality,Nutrients Content and Root Parameters of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne L.)

In recent years, applying humic acid (HA) has been common in turfgrass management. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of HA on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of “Speedygreen” perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Different concentrations of HA (0, 100, 400, and 1000 mg L^?1) were applied monthly as foliar application. Results showed that leaf phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) content, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll content, and root fresh weights were not affected by HA. Meanwhile, HA improved the root and shoot development, except for root fresh weight. While just 100 mg L^?1 improved height, visual quality, nitrogen (N) content, roots length, and surface of roots, all of HA concentrations were effective on iron content. These results suggest that HA foliar application might be of benefit to enhance some nutrients uptake and root development of ryegrass possibly leading to improved drought resistance.     

Changes in gas exchange capacity and selected physiological properties of squash seedlings (Cucurbita pepo L.) under well-watered and drought stress conditions

Water use efficiency (WUE) is considered as an important component of adaptation to drought stress. This study was conducted to determine the effect of drought stress on gas exchange parameters and selected physiological properties, and also its relations with WUE in summer squash seedlings (Cucurbita pepo L.). Plants were grown in pots under different irrigation levels (D0: 100%, D1: 67% and D2: 33% of the water required to reach the field capacity) in controlled greenhouse. The results show that drought treatments significantly decreased the leaf chlorophyll reading values (LCRV), leaf relative water content (LRWC), stomatal conductance (g_s), photosynthetic rate (P_N), transpiration rate (T_r), fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) of squash seedlings by 7, 42, 69, 62, 62 63 and 82%, respectively, in D2 treatment compared to D0. However, electrolyte leakage (EL) values increased 72% with severe drought treatments (D2). The highest WUE was obtained by D0 treatment as 0.26 g mm^?1. The relationship between P_N and WUE is the strongest one among all leaf gas exchange parameters. Together with T_r, the linear relation with WUE was considerably higher compared to other measured parameters.     

Salicylic acid improves the antioxidant ability against arsenic-induced oxidative stress in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seedling

The present study investigated the potential role of external salicylic acid (SA) in alleviating Arsenic (As) toxicity in sunflower leaves. The exposure of plants to 10 µM As inhibited biomass production and intensively increased the accumulation of As in both roots and leaves. The levels of some important parameters associated with oxidative stress, namely lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production were increased. SA application alleviated the negative effect of As on growth and led to decrease in oxidative injuries. Furthermore, SA application led to higher activity of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase, and concomitantly decreased superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase activities. As important antioxidants, ascorbate and glutathione contents in sunflower leaves exposed to As were significantly decreased by SA treatment. These results reveal that SA is more effective in alleviating As toxicity at higher concentrations than that at lower concentrations.     

干旱与Cd双重胁迫对土壤-小麦-蚜虫系统Cd转移规律影响的研究

为探究干旱和重金属双重胁迫对土壤-小麦-蚜虫系统内Cd转移规律的影响,为小麦蚜虫的生态调节提供理论依据,本研究以麦长管蚜[Sitobionavenae(Fabricius)]为研究对象,用原子吸收分光光度法分别测定不同土壤Cd含量(100 mg?kg-1、200 mg?kg-1)及不同程度干旱胁迫(无胁迫、中度胁迫、重度胁迫)处理下小麦根茎叶及蚜虫体内的Cd含量。结果表明:土壤Cd含量及干旱单一胁迫均对小麦及蚜虫体内的Cd含量造成了显著影响(P0.05)。两者交互作用对小麦根部及叶部的Cd含量影响显著,而对小麦茎部及蚜虫体内Cd含量影响不显著。在相同胁迫条件下, Cd在小麦中的积累分布为根茎叶。随着干旱胁迫程度增大,小麦根部Cd含量及土壤-根转移系数降低,茎部Cd含量及根-茎转移系数升高,麦长管蚜Cd含量在土壤Cd含量100mg?kg-1下高于土壤Cd含量200 mg?kg-1;中度干旱胁迫增加了麦长管蚜体内Cd累积量,而重度干旱胁迫则降低了其体内Cd累积量。叶-蚜虫的Cd转移系数明显大于土壤-根、根-茎和茎-叶转移系数且大于1,说明Cd在麦长管蚜体内产生了生物富集作用。综上所述,干旱胁迫促进了Cd从土壤向小麦茎部转移和根部Cd累积,但抑制了Cd从根部到茎部转移和茎部Cd累积;中度干旱胁迫促进了麦长管蚜体内Cd的积累,而重度干旱胁迫抑制了麦长管蚜体内Cd的积累。     

Physiological and biochemical effects of salicylic acid on Pisum sativum exposed to isoproturon

In the present study, attenuation of isoproturon (IPU) toxicity by salicylic acid (SA) was observed. Seven-day-old seedlings of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Azad P-1) were treated with 10 mM IPU. IPU influenced physiological and biochemical parameters. IPU significantly inhibited growth variables like shoot and root height, fresh and dry biomass of the pea. The contents of carotenoids, chlorophylls, protein and activity of nitrate reductase were inhibited significantly. IPU enhanced the accumulation of H₂O₂, ion leakage and lipid peroxidation due to induction of oxidative stress in pea. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase increased while the activities of guaiacol peroxidase decreased. However, exogenous SA regulated the toxic effects of IPU. The indices of oxidative stress appeared to be alleviated by SA. Pigment content and activities of enzymes increased approximately up to the level of control. IPU caused non-target phytotoxicity to P. sativum. The natural growth regulator/allelochemical has potential to overcome the adverse effects caused by IPU.

Abbreviations: CAT: catalase; EL: electrolyte leakage; IPU: isoproturon; LP: lipid peroxidation; MDA: malondialdehyde; NR: nitrate reductase; POD: guaiacol peroxidase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TCA: trichloroacetic acid     

Physiological and biochemical responses of Melissa officinalis L. to nickel stress and the protective role of salicylic acid

The present study investigated the mediatory effects of salicylic acid (SA) in alleviating nickel (Ni) toxicity in Melissa officinalis L. One-month-old plants were exposed to different levels of Ni and SA concentrations in sand culture under greenhouse conditions. Excess Ni significantly inhibited the growth indices and dramatically increased accumulation of Ni in the leaves and roots. Exogenously SA applications (1.0 mM) led to a substantial improvement in the shoot and root fresh and dry weights. Foliar application of SA mitigated the deleterious effects of Ni and decreased its transport to the shoots. The results showed a significant loss in chlorophylls and carotenoids contents only at 500 µM of Ni. The impact of SA was not significant in terms of chlorophyll contents, while carotenoid contents of the Ni-stressed plants were significantly affected by SA. Exposure to Ni did not modify proline accumulation. Hydrogen peroxide accumulation was observed under Ni stress, while lipid peroxidation significantly decreased at the same conditions. Application of SA caused a significant decrease in electrolyte leakage of Ni-stressed plants. Due to the high potential for Ni accumulation in the roots and translocation factor values lower than 1, M. officinalis could be introduced as an excluder medicinal plant.     

Effect of silicon on photosynthetic gas exchange,photosynthetic pigments,cell membrane stability and relative water content of different wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions

This study aims to explain the effects of silicon (Si) foliar application on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability and leaf relative water content of different wheat cultivars in the field under drought stress conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regime (100%, 60%, and 40% F.C.), silicon (control and Si application) and wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Marvdasht, Chamran, and Sirvan) were considered as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. This study was carried out at the Research Farm of the Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, during 2012–2013 growing season. The results showed that foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars, especially in Sirvan and Chamran (drought tolerant cultivars), under both stress and non-stress conditions. However, more improvement was observed under drought stress as compared to the non-stress condition. In contrast, these parameters decreased under drought stress. Si significantly decreased electrolyte leakage in all four cultivars under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration (C_i) increased under drought stress. Si application decreased C_i especially under drought stress conditions. Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (g_s) were significantly decreased under drought conditions. Under drought, Si applied plants showed significantly higher leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (C_E) decreased in all cultivars under drought stress. However, the silicon-applied plants had greater WUEi and C_E under drought stress. The stomatal limitation was found to be higher in stressed plants compared to the control. Exogenously applied silicon also decreased stomatal limitation. Overall, application of Si was found beneficial for improving drought tolerance of wheat plants.     

Improving chilling tolerance of rice seedling by seed priming with salicylic acid

This study was carried out in the Seed Research Laboratory of the Department of Crop Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in summer 2011. Rice (cv. Khazar) seeds were soaked in 0, 20, 50, and 100 mg l^?1 salicylic acid (SA) aerated solutions for 24 h and then dried back to original moisture content and were sown in three temperatures (28°C as normal and 12°C and 8°C as chilling temperature conditions). In the first step, both treated and untreated seeds were sown at the optimum temperature (28°C). Then, to apply chilling temperature, 15 days after sowing, one set of the seeds was exposed to 12°C and 8°C under controlled conditions. Results showed that all seedlings raised from seeds primed with SA solutions produced a higher root and shoot length, final emergence percentage, and relative water content and also lower mean emergence time and time to 50% emergence (E50) in comparison with untreated seeds. Antioxidant enzyme system efficiently responded to the stress conditions and the priming treatment. Also seedling raised from primed seeds showed higher antioxidant activity at each temperature compared with control.     

氮肥缓解苗期干旱对小麦根系形态建成及生理特性的影响

为揭示氮肥缓解苗期干旱对小麦根系生长的影响,以高产高蛋白品种Spitfire(S)和抗旱品种Drysdale(D)为材料,采用沙培方式研究了不同氮素处理(180和22.5 kg·hm^-2)和水分处理(干旱和正常浇水)对苗期小麦根系形态建成和生理生长的影响。结果表明,苗期干旱下增施氮肥减小了2个品种小麦根系总根长、根系表面积、总根体积、根尖数和分枝数,显著增加了根系直径和根系活力,S品种根系干重减小7.0%,而D品种根系干重增加12.0%。施高氮还降低了干旱下2个品种小麦根系可溶性糖含量,并提高了游离氨基酸含量,且耐旱性品种D变化幅度较大,2个品种根系可溶性蛋白含量的变化均不明显。此外,增施氮肥能促进根系对氮素的吸收,提高根系硝酸还原酶(NR)活性和含氮量。综上,在苗期干旱下增施氮肥能够促进小麦根系生长,提高根系活力和NR活性,以增强根系对氮素的吸收同化能力,促进氮代谢水平,从而提高小麦的抗旱性,但不同耐旱品种对干旱下增施氮肥的响应程度存在差异。本研究结果为通过增施氮肥有效缓解干旱进而提高小麦产量提供了理论依据。     

Influence of humic acid and salicylic acid on yield,fruit quality,and leaf mineral elements of strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa duch.) cv. Camarosa

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of foliarly-applied Humic Acid (HA) and Salicylic Acid (SA) on strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa cv. Camarosa). On average, HA applications, regardless of concentration, increased overall yield, Soluble Solids Concentrations (SSC), Titratable Acidity (TA), vitamin C, red tone (a*), leaf potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) while had no effect on pH and fruit luminosity (L*). In contrast, fruit from the untreated control tended to have higher Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and SSC: TA ratio than HA-treated plants. Application of SA significantly increased yield, vitamin C, SSC, SSC: TA ratio, TAC, a*, leaf P and Ca while had no effect on TA, fruit size, L* and pH. In general, application of either HA at 25 mg L¹ or SA at 2 mM resulted in better strawberry performance than did other rates of these compounds.     

水氮耦合对黍稷幼苗形态和生理指标的影响

盆栽试验条件下,研究水氮耦合对黍稷幼苗形态和生理指标的影响。结果表明,在供水量相同条件下,黍稷幼苗株高、叶面积、根系总表面积、总体积与总根长均随施氮量的增加而增加,供水量相同时根冠比随施氮量增加而降低;施氮量相同条件下随灌水量的增加黍稷幼苗各指标呈相似变化趋势,各处理与对照差异均达到了显著水平。不同的水氮处理组合,黍稷叶片叶绿素含量差异显著,以高水高氮的W3N3处理[土壤田间持水量70%~80%,尿素用量4.6 g.kg 1(土)]为最大值,低水低氮的W1N1处理[土壤田间持水量30%~40%,尿素用量为0 g.kg 1(土)]为最小值;灌水量相同,叶绿素含量随施氮量增加而增加;施氮量相同,叶绿素含量也随灌水量增加而增加,水分和氮素对叶片叶绿素含量的影响表现为明显的协同效应;黍稷幼苗叶片电解质外渗率的变化趋势则相反。黍稷根系超氧化物歧化酶活性以低水中氮的W1N2处理[土壤田间持水量30%~40%,尿素用量2.3 g.kg 1(土)]为最高,达213.71 U.g 1(FW);W3N3最低,为72.93 U.g 1(FW)。水分相同条件下黍稷幼苗根系过氧化物酶活性、丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量均随施氮量的增加而降低,施氮量相同时则随灌水量的增加而降低。根系活力则相反,且各处理间差异均达到显著水平。在干旱胁迫条件下,适当的增施氮肥可以提高苗期黍稷的叶绿素含量和根系活力,增加根系总表面积、总体积与总根长,降低根系丙二醛含量,在一定程度上缓解干旱胁迫的影响。