Conservation management decreases surface runoff and soil erosion

Conservation management practices – including agroforestry, cover cropping, no-till, reduced tillage, and residue return – have been applied for decades to control surface runoff and soil erosion, yet results have not been integrated and evaluated across cropping systems. In this study we collected data comparing agricultural production with and without conservation management strategies. We used a bootstrap resampling analysis to explore interactions between practice type, soil texture, surface runoff, and soil erosion. We then used a correlation analysis to relate changes in surface runoff and soil erosion to 13 other soil health and agronomic indicators, including soil organic carbon, soil aggregation, infiltration, porosity, subsurface leaching, and cash crop yield. Across all conservation management practices, surface runoff and erosion had respective mean decreases of 67% and 80% compared with controls. Use of cover cropping provided the largest decreases in erosion and surface runoff, thus emphasizing the importance of maintaining continuous vegetative cover on soils. Coarse- and medium-textured soils had greater decreases in both erosion and runoff than fine-textured soils. Changes in surface runoff and soil erosion under conservation management were highly correlated with soil organic carbon, aggregation, porosity, infiltration, leaching, and yield, showing that conservation practices help drive important interactions between these different facets of soil health. This study offers the first large-scale comparison of how different conservation agriculture practices reduce surface runoff and soil erosion, and at the same time provides new insight into how these interactions influence the improvement or loss of soil health.     

小型民用风力发电系统最大功率跟踪策略研究

根据建立的风力发电系统模型,分析风力机输出特性,确定风力机输出功率与风力机的角速度有关。采用扰动观察法对最大功率点进行跟踪,通过查找风力机的最佳旋转角速度,实现基本风速不变和变化时的最大功率跟踪。     

武威市极大风速气候特征分析及其推算

利用武威市观测站2005~2013年最大风速与极大风速观测数据,拟合武威市最大风速与极大风速之间关系,从而推算1980~2004年极大风速,对武威市1980年以来极大风速气候特征进行分析。结果表明,1980年以来武威市极大风速共出现4个峰值,分别出现在1984、1985、1993和2013年,尤其是1993年,极大风速达30.5 m/s,历史灾情记录显示1993年的"5.5黑风"破环力极强,给武威的农业生产带来了极大的影响,1994~2012年属于极大风速较小阶段,但由于此阶段武威市设施农业发展迅速,仍是给当地生产造成的严重的损失,利用第Ⅰ型极值分布方法推算武威市未来10、30、50、100年内可能出现的最大风速,推算结果分别为28.6、31.3、32.6、34.3m/s,在今后设施农业的规划和发展应加强大风灾害的防范。     

烟台地区的大风预报研究

通过对烟台地区的地形和海陆分布特点,主要从天气学的角度统计和分析了该地区2001 ～ 2009年大风发生的范围以及不同范围大风的日数年代、季节变化规律,并利用现有的MICAPS资料对烟台地区的大风环流型进行了分析,同时就目前该地区大风的预报方法进行了概述.结果表明,烟台地区大风天气中以个别大风为主,其中大风天气主要发生在3～5月;10年内,大风的年际变化趋势基本是按照曲线递增达到峰值后又开始递减的趋势,期间出现了2002和2007年2个峰值,并有1个谷值;在对烟台地区进行大风预报时,选取了网格点中与烟台站关联的平均分布的5个站点（烟台、福山、海阳、龙口、长岛）进行预报研究,通过参考文献以及烟台等站点的经验预报,选取8个预报因子作为备用预报因子,利用逐步回归程序建立了5个站的预报方程并对最后的结果进行了回报检验,虽然取得了一定的预报效果,但预报精度比较低,不是特别的理想.     

不同坡度及坡向条件下的土壤侵蚀特征研究——以淮河北部支流低山丘陵区为例

借助RS和GIS技术获取研究区土壤侵蚀的相关影响因子,运用RUSLE土壤侵蚀模型,计算研究区土壤侵蚀模数,进行侵蚀强度分级,并探讨不同坡度和坡向条件下的土壤侵蚀特征。结果表明,研究区平均土壤侵蚀模数为1 173.755 t/(km2·a),年侵蚀总量约9.56×107t;约96%的区域为微度侵蚀;轻度以上侵蚀主要发生在西部和北部的低山丘陵区,侵蚀土壤面积占总面积的3.32%,但泥沙流失量的比重为72.024%,是防治水土流失的关键区域;随着坡度的增加,侵蚀面积呈先减小后增大而后又减小的趋势,8°~15°坡度带是土壤侵蚀状况的转折点;不同坡向条件下,土壤侵蚀面积由大到小的顺序为半阳坡、阳坡、阴坡和平地,半阳坡侵蚀面积约占总侵蚀面积的50%。     

仿真固沙灌木林与塑料网方格沙障防风固沙效能比较

干旱区的水资源限制了植物治沙应用范围,将仿真固沙灌木加入退化梭梭林,比较仿真固沙灌木＋梭梭的灌木林与塑料网方格沙障防风固沙效能,为仿真固沙灌木应用提供参考。在野外相同条件下观测比较仿真固沙灌木林与塑料网方格沙障内风速,结果显示：仿真固沙灌木＋梭梭灌木林的风速削减率与塑料网方格沙障的差异不显著;随着风速增大,仿真固沙灌木降低风速率与塑料网方格沙障降低风速率差异变小;在风速为8.1~8.9 m s-1时,仿真固沙灌木降低风速率达塑料方格沙障的80%;仿真固沙灌木＋梭梭灌木林的输沙率随高度变化为指数递减,是裸沙地的35%;仿真固沙灌木林的建立不受气候条件影响,可重复应用,与灌木搭配可增强防风固沙效能。     

宁化县小流域水土流失综合治理效益分析——以常丰里和石壁溪小流域为例

以宁化县常丰里和石壁溪小流域为例,从宏观监测和微观监测2个层面监测了常丰里和石壁溪小流域水土流失动态变化、植被自然演替状况、植被覆盖度、林草生长量,以及经济效益和社会效益等指标。该流域治理水土流失面积2 675 hm2,治理程度达到80.4%;综合治理措施保存率达80%以上;宜草宜林面积达80%以上;林草植被覆盖率从50.4%提高到56.0%;提高了防洪减沙效益,减沙率达70%以上;小流域土壤侵蚀模数从2 533 t/(km2·a)降低到1 500 t/(km2·a)以下。经过综合治理,流域内的水土流失面积、强度都已明显下降,取得了良好的治理效果。     

Forest management and forest state in southern Sweden before and after the impact of storm Gudrun in the winter of 2005

About three times the annual cut in southern Sweden (Götaland) was damaged by the storm Gudrun in January 2005, i.e. almost as much as the normal annual cut for all of Sweden. To establish any differences in forest management and state before and after the storm, measures such as growing stock volume, age-class distribution, and species composition were analyzed within the damaged area. As a reference the situation before and after the storm within the area in Götaland not damaged by the storm was also analyzed. For all analyses, sample plots from the Swedish National Forest Inventory were used. Results based on mean values for the years 2000–2004/2005–2009 showed that the total growing stock for the damaged area decreased by approximately 30 million m³ after the storm. This was mainly caused by a decrease in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst). Annual growth for pine, spruce, and deciduous trees decreased by 1.8 million m³ in the damaged area. This mainly included stands already thinned and not, as expected, in the stands ready for final felling. Also, the proportional area within each of the age classes 21–40, 41–60, and 61–80 years decreased. The storm led to an increased area in immediate need of precommercial thinning. No changes in choice of species when regenerating could be observed. Furthermore, only marginal adaptation by forest owners to future risk of wind throw could be detected.     

履带式遥控风力灭火机的设计与研究

为了提高灭火效率、缩短灭火距离、解决灭火人员负载过重及灭火安全等问题,本文通过对履带式遥控风力灭火机工作原理的分析及总体方案的确定,设计了履带式遥控风力灭火机行走机构.设计的履带式遥控风力灭火机可以实现远程遥控且具有良好的爬坡能力和通过能力.     

乌鲁木齐地区风能资源及风力发电机特性

为了评估乌鲁木齐地区不同高度的风能资源及当地风力发电机特性,分析了两参数威布尔风速分布模型、风速随高度变化的模型、风能功率密度和容量因子等模型．利用乌鲁木齐地区10,20,30,40,50,60,70 m高度的风速数据,分析了该地区典型气象年不同高度的月平均风速、年平均风速、年平均风能功率密度、风速概率分布、基于极大似然法的威布尔形状参数与尺度参数、累计概率分布,同时选取了该地区使用的8种中小型风力发电机,分析了这些风力发电机的容量因子及能量输出．结果表明：乌鲁木齐地区10～70 m范围内的风能资源介于可利用区和较丰富区之间,该地区风力发电机的容量因子偏小,其变化范围为4.4％～19.8％,这主要是由于该地区平均风速不大所致,说明了乌鲁木齐地区不适合建大型的风力发电厂,但是适合建小型的风力发电厂,或以风力发电为辅助的混合发电系统,或者以风力驱动的机械系统．