六蕊假稻病原菌稻平脐蠕孢菌生物学特性研究

对分离自六蕊假稻的6株稻平脐蠕孢菌(Bipolaris oryzae)的培养特性和生物学特性进行研究,以便了解该菌的生长特点,为病害研究提供依据。结果表明：稻平脐蠕孢菌菌丝体对环境的要求不高,在20~35℃、pH 5~10、光照或黑暗条件下都能生长,但在25~30℃、pH 7~8、持续光照条件下,菌丝体生长速度更快。菌丝体在测试的5种糖源培养基上都能生长,但葡萄糖和麦芽糖更有利于菌丝生长。除尿素外,在硝态氮、铵态氮和铵硝态混合氮源培养基上均能正常生长,但硝态氮为氮源时菌丝体生长较快。

     

Typology of historical sources and the reconstruction of long‐term historical changes of riverine fish: a case study of the Austrian Danube and northern Russian rivers

Historical data are widely used in river ecology to define reference conditions or to investigate the evolution of aquatic systems. Most studies rely on printed documents from the 19th century, thus missing pre‐industrial states and human impacts. This article discusses historical sources that can be used to reconstruct the development of riverine fish communities from the Late Middle Ages until the mid‐20th century. Based on the studies of the Austrian Danube and northern Russian rivers, we propose a classification scheme of printed and archival sources and describe their fish ecological contents. Five types of sources were identified using the origin of sources as the first criterion: (i) early scientific surveys, (ii) fishery sources, (iii) fish trading sources, (iv) fish consumption sources and (v) cultural representations of fish. Except for early scientific surveys, all these sources were produced within economic and administrative contexts. They did not aim to report about historical fish communities, but do contain information about commercial fish and their exploitation. All historical data need further analysis for a fish ecological interpretation. Three case studies from the investigated Austrian and Russian rivers demonstrate the use of different source types and underline the necessity for a combination of different sources and a methodology combining different disciplinary approaches. Using a large variety of historical sources to reconstruct the development of past fish ecological conditions can support future river management by going beyond the usual approach of static historical reference conditions.     

基于NSGA-Ⅱ农业多水源复合系统多目标配置模型应用

基于多目标非支配排序遗传算法原理,建立佳木斯地区农业多水源灌溉系统多目标供水优化配置模型。运用非支配排序遗传算法求解,结果表明,模型可达到经济目标较大时环境目标较小效果。选取三个方案权衡分析经济和环境目标,高来水情景中方案一经济目标是88.88×10~8元,环境目标588.12×10~4kg,方案二分别是88.00×10~8元,580.55×10~4kg,方案三分别是85.56×10~8元,574.50×10~4kg。在三个不同最优解中,决策者可根据偏好或实际情况选择决策方案,为当地农业水资源规划提供依据。     

三江源果洛地区牧草长势特征及其与气象条件的关系

利用2003—2016年三江源果洛地区6县牧草观测资料和同期气象观测资料,对果洛地区牧草长势变化特征及其与牧草生育期(4—9月)气温、降水量、日照等气象条件的相关性进行分析。结果表明,果洛地区6县中班玛、久治牧草长势最好,玛沁、甘德、达日次之,玛多最差;就平均长势而言,近14年果洛地区牧草长势趋于良好,牧草高度、覆盖度、产量均呈增加趋势。通过对牧草长势和牧草生育期的气温、降水量、日照时数的相关性分析表明,随着降水量的增加,牧草产量也相应的增加;而随着日照时数增加,牧草产量却呈减少趋势。     

Risk Sensitivity and Hunter Perceptions of Chronic Wasting Disease Risk and Other Hunting,Wildlife, and Health Risks

This article examined relationships among hunter perceptions of personal health risks from chronic wasting disease (CWD), knowledge and information about CWD, and perceptions of other hunting, wildlife, and health risks. Data were obtained from surveys of 2,725 deer and elk hunters in Colorado. Cluster analysis grouped hunters into no (42%), slight (44%), and moderate (14%) risk groups based on perceptions of personal health risks from CWD (e.g., concern about health, become ill from CWD). There were minimal differences among groups in demographics, information sources, and knowledge about CWD. Hunters who perceived higher health risks from CWD (i.e., moderate risk), however, perceived greater risks associated with CWD to other humans, CWD to wildlife, hunting to personal health, other diseases to health, and the future of hunting. These findings illustrated the concept of risk sensitivity where hunters who perceived higher risks from CWD were predisposed to rate all other risks as large.     

Effects of different forage sources as a free‐choice provision on the performance,nutrient digestibility,selected blood metabolites and structural growth of Holstein dairy calves

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different forage sources on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood metabolites of dairy calves. Individually housed calves (n = 40; body weight = 41.2 ± 3.5 kg) were randomly allocated (n = 10 calves per treatment: five males and five females) to one of the following four treatments: (i) starter without forage provision (CON), (ii) starter plus chopped alfalfa hay (AH), (iii) starter plus chopped wheat straw (WS) and 4) starter plus dried sugar beet pulp (BP) flakes. Calves fed AH diets had lowest (p < 0.05) starter intake than those fed other diets, and WS promoted a significant increase (p < 0.01) in starter intake during 43–80 days. Forage intake was greatest (p < 0.01) for calves fed AH than those fed WS and BP. Calves in the AH treatment consumed less (p < 0.01) total dry matter intake than those offered other forage treatments. Final body weight was greatest (p < 0.05), and age of weaning was lowest for calves fed BP than other treatments. Calves in the BP treatment had greater (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) than CON and WS treatments, but similar to AH calves. Digestibility of NDF and ADF was greater (p < 0.05) in BP treatment than other treatments. Calves fed BP had greater (p < 0.05) digestibility of DM and OM than those fed CON diets and similar to those fed AH and WS diets. Calves in the AH treatment had greater (p < 0.05) CP digestibility than CON, but similar to WS and BP calves. Blood beta‐hydroxybutyrate concentration was lower in forage‐offered calves than CON one. Body measurements (with the exception of body barrel) did not differ across treatments. It was concluded that BP improves final body weight, ADG and nutrient digestibility of calves than starter without forage provision during weaning transition.     

Raw mechanically separated chicken meat and salmon protein hydrolysate as protein sources in extruded dog food: effect on protein and amino acid digestibility

Protein quality was evaluated for mechanically separated chicken meat (MSC) and salmon protein hydrolysate (SPH), and for extruded dog foods where MSC or SPH partially replaced poultry meal (PM). Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in the protein ingredients and extruded foods was determined with mink (Neovison vison). The extruded dog foods included a control diet with protein from PM and grain, and two diets where MSC or SPH provided 25% of the dietary CP. Nutrient composition of the protein ingredients varied, dry matter (DM) was 944.0, 358.0 and 597.4 g/kg, CP was 670.7, 421.2 and 868.9 g/kg DM, crude fat was 141.4, 547.8 and 18.5 g/kg DM and ash was 126.4, 32.1 and 107.0 g/kg DM for PM, MSC and SPH respectively. The content of essential AA (g/100 g CP) was more than 10.0 percentage units lower in SPH than in PM and MSC. The ATTD of CP differed (p < 0.001) between protein ingredients and was 80.9%, 88.2% and 91.3% for PM, MSC and SPH respectively. The ATTD of total AA was lowest (p < 0.001) for PM, and similar (p > 0.05) for MSC and SPH. In the extruded diets, the expected higher ATTD of CP and AA from replacement of PM with MSC or SPH was not observed. The ATTD of CP was determined to be 80.3%, 81.3% and 79.0% for the PM, MSC and SPH extruded foods respectively. Furthermore, the ATTD of several AA was numerically highest for the PM diet. Possibly, extrusion affected ATTD of the diets differently due to different properties and previous processing of the three protein ingredients.     

三江源1982-2012年草地植被覆盖度动态及其对气候变化的响应

采用1982-2012年的多源遥感数据,结合像元二分模型,分析了三江源保护区不同时期代表性河流源区不同类型草地的植被覆盖度及其动态,并研究了草地植被覆盖度对气候因子的响应.结果表明,三江源草地覆盖度整体上呈现出西北低东南高的特征,全区草地平均植被覆盖度为48.73％,黄河源草地覆盖度最高(65.45％),长江源最低(4.25％),草甸、高山亚高山草甸、平原草原、高山亚高山草原和荒漠草原的平均植被覆盖度分别为59.86％、57.390％、39.50％、33.70％和14.13％;31年间全区草地覆盖度整体上呈现上升趋势,增长速度为每年0.230％,黄河源区的增长速度最快(每年0.27％);整体而言,低温比干旱对三江源草地覆盖度增长的限制作用更强,草甸、高山亚高山草甸和平原草原受气温影响较大,高山亚高山草原和荒漠草原受降水影响较大,在月尺度上草地覆盖度对气温表现出明显的滞后效应,而对降水不存在明显的滞后效应;三江源保护区成立(2001年)后,草地覆盖度的增长速度和增长面积都有所提升,全区草地覆盖度对气温的敏感度有所升高,黄河源草地覆盖度对降水的敏感度有明显下降.生态工程和草地保护措施整体上已经取得了一定的成效,但局部草地覆盖度下降趋势有所加剧,以荒漠草原最为突出,应在今后的保护工作中加以重视.     

LED光源改善鸡舍环境及肉鸡生产性能

探讨全封闭饲养条件下,LED光源对肉鸡生产性能,养分表观消化率和鸡舍空气中NH3、CO2、粉尘浓度,以及空气微生物含量的影响。试验于2017年3月2日至3月30日在河南省某农业集团一大型肉鸡场进行。选用健康状况良好、体况一致的1日龄白羽肉鸡240只,采用单因子完全随机试验设计,分为2个处理组,一组采用暖白色光LED灯光源照明为试验组,另一组采用普通暖白色荧光灯光源照明为对照组。试验期间详细观察肉鸡生产情况,分别计算平均日采食量、平均日增质量、料质量比、发病率以及死淘率。于肉鸡8、15、22和28日龄当日全收粪法测定粗蛋白、粗脂肪、钙和磷的表观消化率。试验期间每天08:00,14:00和20:00,采用光化学方法分别在两栋鸡舍内测量NH3和CO2浓度,测量点分布依据五点法,测量高度为0.5 m。分别对8、15、22和28日龄的鸡舍,采用质量法测定粉尘含量,平板沉降法测定空气微生物含量。结果表明,与荧光灯相比,LED光源对8~22日龄肉鸡的生产性能、养分代谢及其生存环境质量没有不利影响。LED光源有利于提高22~28日龄肉鸡的平均日采食量和平均日增质量,分别比荧光灯光源下的肉鸡显著增加了13.13%和13.23%(P0.05)。LED光源有利于提高22~28日龄肉鸡对饲料中粗蛋白,钙和磷的表观消化率,22日龄时,分别比荧光灯鸡舍的肉鸡显著提高了9.45%,14.90%和7.48%(P0.05),28日龄时分别提高了7.30%,6.78%和8.29%(P0.05)。试验期间LED光源鸡舍内肉鸡发病率为2.45%,显著低于荧光灯鸡舍3.57%的发病率(P0.05)。LED光源鸡舍内肉鸡死淘率为1.18%,显著低于荧光灯鸡舍2.36%的死淘率(P0.05)。同时,LED光源鸡舍的25日龄以后的NH3浓度、22日龄以后的粉尘和微生物浓度均显著低于荧光灯光源鸡舍(P0.05)。因此,LED光源有利提高肉鸡的生产性能和改善肉鸡生活空间的空气环境质量,加之LED光源在养殖生产上的应用具有安全、经济、环保的特点,值得进一步推广和应用。     

太原小店污灌区农田土壤多环芳烃的污染特征及其来源

[目的]对太原小店污灌区农田土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征及来源进行分析,为该区农田土壤环境质量评价及土壤污染防治对策的制定提供科学依据。[方法]采集太原小店污灌区15个表层土壤样品,利用GC/MS分析16种US EPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并对其来源和生态风险进行探讨。[结果]所有样品的16种PAHs均被检出,其检出率为100%。研究区农田土壤中总PAHs的浓度为0.315~7.661μg/g,平均值为3.568μg/g。在组成上,2,3环含量约占总量的64.2%,4环含量约占总量的14.2%,5,6环含量约占总量的21.6%,低环和中环PAHs含量所占的比例较高。根据特征比值法及调查结果判定,农田土壤中PAHs污染来源一方面与灌溉水质及灌溉历史有很大的关系,另一方面,主要通过燃煤或化石燃料产生的PAHs在大气干湿沉降和风力输送作用下进入到土壤环境中。[结论]与国内外其他地区的相关研究比较,小店污灌区农田土壤PAHs含量处于中高等污染水平。依据Maliszewska-Kordybach建议的分级标准评价,该区域所有采样点PAHs总量均超标;但基于我国《土壤环境质量标准(征求意见稿)(GB15618-2008)》提出的16种多PAHs污染物总量的农业用地标准值,该区域均未超出此标准。