Effects of three types of soil amendments on yield and soil nitrogen balance of maize-wheat rotation system in the Hetao Irrigation Area,China

Excessive fertilization combined with unreasonable irrigation in farmland of the Hetao Irrigation Area (HIR), China, has resulted in a large amount of nitrogen (N) losses and agricultural non-point source pollution. Application of soil amendments has become one of the important strategies for reducing N losses of farmland. However, there is still no systematic study on the effects of various soil amendments on N losses in the HIR. In this study, three types of soil amendments (biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide) were applied in a maize-wheat rotation system in the HIR during 2015-2017. Yields of maize and wheat, soil NH₃ volatilization, N₂O emission and NO₃^- leaching were determined and soil N balance was estimated. The results showed that applications of biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly increased yields of maize by 9.2%, 14.3% and 13.3%, respectively, and wheat by 9.2%, 16.6% and 12.3%, respectively, compared with the control (fertilization alone). Applications of biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly reduced soil N leaching by 23.1%, 35.5% and 27.1%, soil NH₃-N volatilization by 34.8%, 52.7% and 37.8%, and soil N surplus by 23.9%, 37.4% and 30.6%, respectively. Applications of bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly reduced N₂O-N emissions from soil by 37.3% and 35.8%, respectively, compared with the control. Compared with application of biochar, applications of bentonite and polyacrylamide increased yields of maize and wheat by 5.1% and 3.5%, respectively. Our results suggest that soil amendments (bentonite and polyacrylamide) can play important roles in reducing N losses and increasing yield for the maize-wheat rotation system in the HIR, China.     

种草和施用聚丙烯酰胺对荒坡紫色土抗剪和抗蚀性能的影响研究

为探究种植草类和施用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对荒坡紫色土抗侵蚀性的影响,尤其是对其抗剪和抗蚀性能的影响,选取狗牙根和三叶草进行盆栽试验,设计了对照、单植草类、单施PAM和复合措施(“草类+PAM”)4类处理开展研究,测定了根系指标和土壤理化性状指标,计算了土壤的抗剪强度指标和抗蚀性指标。结果表明,狗牙根和三叶草根系均能显著降低土壤容重、提高土壤孔隙度和有机质含量(P<0.05),有效增强土壤的抗剪和抗蚀性能;施加PAM能有效促进上述草类各径级根系的生长,显著改善土壤的微结构(P<0.05),尤其是非毛管孔隙度(单施PAM为CK的1.15~1.31倍),提高土体抗剪强度及内摩擦角φ,增大粒径>0.25 mm、>0.5 mm的水稳性团聚体含量、平均重量直径和几何平均直径等抗蚀性指标;PAM对荒坡紫色土抗剪和抗蚀性能的增强效果存在最优浓度;草类根系对土壤抗剪性能的影响较抗蚀性能明显,能显著提高土体的抗剪性能(P<0.05),尤其是增大土壤粘聚力;PAM对土壤抗蚀性能的影响较抗剪性能明显,能显著促进土壤团聚体大颗粒的形成和小颗粒的减少,显著提高土壤团聚度和改善土壤团聚结构等(P<0.05);较单一措施,“草类+PAM”对荒坡紫色土抗剪和抗蚀性能的增强效果最为明显,其中狗牙根与30 g·m^-3的PAM混施时效果最优;0相似文献   

奶牛场高浓度污水的絮凝预处理效果研究

为了解决奶牛场高浓度污水深度处理难度大的问题,开展了化学絮凝预处理效果研究的试验。选用聚合氯化铝（PAC）和3种离子型的聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）作为絮凝剂,通过对絮凝处理后上清液体积、化学需氧量（COD）和浊度的检测和分析,比较了PAM单独使用以及PAC与PAM复合使用的絮凝效果。结果表明：单独投加PAM比PAC与PAM复合使用的处理效果好,且PAM的离子型对高浓度奶牛场污水处理中COD和浊度的去除率有显著影响。当非离子型聚丙烯酰胺的浓度为1 g/L、投加量为2.5 mL时处理效果最好,出水的COD、氨氮质量浓度和总磷质量浓度分别为（12 892±2 354）mg/L、（462±53）mg/L和（31±3）mg/L,相应的去除率分别可达69.48%±4.10%、13.11%±8.59%和85.05%±1.27%,此时的经济成本为0.05元/m3。采用非离子型聚丙烯酰胺对高浓度奶牛场污水进行预处理是可行的,能够有效降低奶牛场污水中的有机物和悬浮物,减轻后续处理工艺的负荷,研究结果可为奶牛场高浓度污水化学絮凝预处理方法的应用提供科学依据。     

阴离子聚丙烯酰胺处理医院污水的研究

研究自制的阴离子聚丙烯酰胺(APAM)对医院污水(色度125倍、悬浮物含量1 241 mg/L、COD 2 351 mg/L)的絮凝特性,并探讨聚合氯化铝(PAC)对APAM的助凝作用,考察了APAM的投加量、分子量对絮凝效果的影响。结果表明:加入PAC 66.0 mg/L、APAM 1.2 mg/L,对原水的絮凝效果最佳,色度降低率61.60%,悬浮物含量(SS)降低率67.61%,COD降低率20.88%。色度、SS、COD降低率均优于市购的APAM(Mw1 000×10~4、Mw2 000×10~4)。     

Effect of allelic variation at the Glu-3/Gli-1 loci on breadmaking quality parameters in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) encoded by the Glu-3 loci are known to contribute to wheat breadmaking quality. However, the specific effect of individual Glu-3 alleles is not well understood due to their complex protein banding patterns in SDS-PAGE and tight linkage with gliadins at the Gli-1 locus. Using DNA markers and a backcross program, we developed a set of nine near isogenic lines (NILs) including different Glu-A3/Gli-A1 or Glu-B3/Gli-B1 alleles in the genetic background of the Argentine variety ProINTA Imperial. The nine NILs and the control were evaluated in three different field trials in Argentina. Significant genotype-by-environment interactions were detected for most quality parameters indicating that the effects of the Glu-3/Gli-1 alleles are modulated by environmental differences. None of the NILs showed differences in total flour protein content, but relative changes in the abundance of particular classes of proteins cannot be ruled out. On average, the Glu-A3f, Glu-B3b, Glu-B3g and Glu-B3i_Man alleles were associated with the highest values in gluten strength-related parameters, while Glu-A3e, Glu-B3a and Glu-B3i_Chu were consistently associated with weak gluten and low quality values. The value of different Glu-3/Gli-1 allele combinations to improve breadmaking quality is discussed.     

活性污泥中细菌对聚丙烯酰胺的生物降解研究

聚丙烯酰胺（Polyacrylamide,PAM）是一类重要的水溶性高分子聚合物,已广泛应用到工农业生产的各个领域和人们的日常生活中。同时,PAM在环境中的残留、迁移和降解对环境的污染也日趋严重,尤其是降解后的单体丙烯酰胺对人类的神经系统有很大的危害。本文从胜利油田的活性污泥中筛选出3株聚丙烯酰胺降解菌,通过比较筛选出一株降解效果较好的菌,命名为AS－2。根据生理生化特性分析,初步鉴定为海球菌属。采用室内培养方法,研究了AS－2对聚丙烯酰胺生物降解的最佳条件。结果表明,当降解时间为5d,pH=8,温度为40℃,碳源为原油,氮源为NaNO3,原油和NaNO3的含量分别为2．5,1．4g·L^-1时,AS-2对聚丙烯酰胺的降解率达到45．23％。通过对聚丙烯酰胺生物降解前后的红外谱图比较,推断出AS-2主要降解了聚丙烯酰胺侧链的酰胺基,将酰胺基降解为羧酸和游离的氡基。用高效液相色谱检测生化后的PAM溶液,未检测出单体丙烯酰胺。     

PAGE凝胶电泳银染方法的改进

为改良DNA聚丙烯凝胶电泳（PAGE）银染方法,采用PCR方法扩增鸡基因组微卫星DNA序列后,经PAGE分离扩增产物和pBR322 DNA/BsuRI标准分子质量,利用2种银染法对微卫星位点进行检测,分析其灵敏度和可行性。结果表明,2种方法都能染出Marker的所有条带,灵敏度均为25 ng,但在染色所需时间和可操作性方面,改进的染色方法优于Sanguinetti等所建立的方法。改进的银染方法染色过程较快,仅需25 min左右,且染色液和显影液可回收利用。该方法能显著提高检测分辨率,在实际应用中提高了染色效率。     

小豆SSR-PCR反应条件的优化

笔者对小豆SSR-PCR扩增体系的反应条件进行了优化,分析了Mg2+浓度、dNTP浓度、DNA模板浓度、引物浓度、Taq聚合酶浓度对PCR扩增结果的影响。结果表明:在10 μL的PCR反应体系中,Mg2+的最适浓度为2 mmol/L,dNTP最适浓度为0．25 mmool/L,反应体系中Taq聚合酶宜加入1 U,引物的最适浓度为 0．15 mmol/L,DNA模板加入量为20 ng。     

木薯SSR标记非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳条件的优化

以木薯品种为材料,利用微卫星标记结合非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术进行木薯重要农艺性状基因的引物筛选。通过比较各因子对电泳体系的影响,建立了一个木薯微卫星非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的优化体系：TEMED用量为80μL,10％AP用量为1200μL,电泳时间为60～90min。     

聚丙烯酰胺对盐渍化土壤氮素的影响

为了研究河套地区盐渍化土壤施用聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）后葵花全生育期内土壤氮素的时空变化规律及其利用率,采用正交试验对葵花生育期内0—100 cm土层土壤碱解氮的动态变化规律及氮肥利用率进行分析。结果表明:施用PAM处理的盐渍化土壤在PAM施用层能够保持一定的碱解氮且不易使碱解氮下移,未施PAM的4个灌水处理在不同程度上均下移至40 cm左右,表明施用PAM明显抑制了氮素深层移动效应。通过正交试验处理及SPSS主效应分析选取三因素最优的适用量为:水量1 800 m³/hm²,氮素168 kg/hm²,PAM量为18.75 kg/hm²,并且PAM施用对中度盐渍化土壤氮肥利用率的影响显著。研究结果可为河套灌区盐渍化土壤合理施氮量及施用PAM对氮肥利用率的影响提供理论依据。