对地方标准法律属性的探讨

研究地方标准的法律属性将有利于地方标准的发展和转型。从地方标准的法制性及法律规制属性两个方面来阐述地方标准的法律属性,从而进一步完善地方标准理论,促进地方标准的发展。     

Conducting surveys on forestry attitudes and practices in Leyte communities,Philippines: Experiences and lessons learnt

A survey of forestry practices and attitudes was undertaken in four communities in Leyte, the Philippines, to improve understanding of the social and economic factors affecting small-scale forestry development. The survey had three main data collection activities — initial focus group discussions (FGDs), household interviews, and reporting and validation FGDs. A team of enumerators was selected for household interviews which consisted of both males and females, to avoid potential problems of unwillingness of people to talk with those of the opposite gender. The interviewers were also required to be able to speak local dialects (Cebuano and Waray Waray), the survey questionnaires being administered in these dialects. Various methods were used to gain the support and assistance of local government units and barangay captains. Some difficulty was experienced by the survey team in the first community due to barangay elections at the time of the survey, and the requirement by the University of Queensland Ethics Committee that respondents sign a consent form. This requirement was found to be not culturally appropriate for the Leyte smallholder communities. Offering goods at the end of the interview was found to be of limited value for encouraging participation in the survey. Provision of food and drinks were found to encourage FGD participants to express their views, but too much alcohol had a negative effect. The importance of providing comprehensive feedback to respondents and involving them and other stakeholders in development of policy recommendations was apparent. These survey experiences provide valuable insights which are not generally available in textbooks on sample surveys, and provide lessons for planning and conducting smallholder community survey into natural resource management issues.     

People’s attitude and use of forestland: Co-evolution of forest administration in Bangladesh

This paper explores the influence over time of past policies on people’s attitudes towards the use of forestland in Bangladesh. The discourses of the attitudes of people were captured from the observed social tradition towards forest resources. Forests were reserved systematically and solely through the Forest Department. The conservation processes were not participatory, and rights and tenure were strictly controlled. People were socially excluded and alienated from the forest, and the socio-political factors stimulated negative attitudes among people. Forests were considered to be government property, and therefore managing forests was the responsibility of the government. People only used forest resources to meet their own requirements, either with formal permission or illegally. This situation continued even after the independence of Bangladesh in 1971. As a result, the forests of Bangladesh have been degraded heavily in recent decades.     

强化基层林业站职能作用 促进林业跨越式发展

基层林业站是国家设在基层的林业管理机构 ,在林业生产和建设中发挥着重要的职能作用。强化林业站的职能作用 ,必将对推动我国六大林业重点工程建设 ,实现林业跨越式发展起到巨大作用。     

立地对西南桦不同种源生长的影响

25个种源在3种不同立地造林的结果显示:立地对西南桦生长影响大,3种立地幼林胸径、树高、材积生长差异显著。在好立地上西南桦胸径、树高、材积生长量比中等立地分别大2.3%~25.8%、15.1%~56.4%、27.6%~173.2%;中等立地比差立地大1.0%~53.3%、-9.9%~32.6%、14.0%~155.1%。3种立地上的西南桦不同种源胸径、树高、材积的生长有差异,最大与最小之间差异分别是1.60 cm、1.0 m、0.003 71 m3。     

地方特色植物在昆明的适应性调查研究

通过世博园中国园区在设计及建设中地方特色植物的应用分析，得出了地方特色植物在造园时均受到重视的结论，并实际调查造园植物的生长状况，初步掌握各省区地方特色植物在昆明的适应性。经植物区系分析，探讨地方特色植物的异地利用问题，为昆明园林建设中观赏植物的应用提供借鉴和参考。     

山丹县林业重点工程造林树种优选及提高造林质量措施

指出了山丹县林业重点工程造林是当前最重要的生态环境保护策略,能够起到调节水文的作用,必须加大对其的研究重视程度。基于此,分析了山丹县林业重点工程造林树种优选的措施,提出了因地制宜、科学选种,以及符合水土保持的选择原则两点策略。探讨了山丹县林业重点工程提高造林质量的措施,包括:合理排布林业造林布局、完善造林前准备工作、引入抗盐碱造林技术以及调整林业造林防护管理模式,这些措施对提高山丹县林业造林质量具有良好的促进作用。     

抽排厕所废物原位发酵回用可行性研究：杭桥村案例

为适应农村居民对现代化生活的追求、顺应可持续发展的趋势,本研究结合我国农村实情提出以“抽吸式-源分离-就地就近资源化”为技术路线的现代资源化模式作为农村家庭粪尿处置与利用的解决方案,选取一自然聚落,建设服务于20户居民的示范工程开展可行性研究。方案采用组合式多级厌氧发酵制肥工艺对单独收集的抽排厕所废物进行无害化处理,就地就近回用于附近农田,考察抽排厕所废物性质,对制肥设施进行定期监测,并于运行32个月后破拆清扫、取样分析。结果显示：设施未出现堵塞、满溢及渗漏现象,污泥积累不超过设施总有效高度的20%且充分稳定,具有维护简单、清扫周期长的特点;设施出液及底泥均未检出活寄生虫卵,粪大肠菌值>10^-4,符合《粪便无害化卫生要求》（GB 7959—2012）中的卫生标准;设施出液及底泥的总养分含量分别为0.18%和0.43%,有机质含量分别为0.05%和2.65%,每年产生的出液及污泥共计可取代氮肥（N）161.19 kg、磷肥（P₂O₅）9.67 kg、钾肥（K₂O）42.11 kg。现代资源化模式的成功运用不仅可以提高居民生活水平,还能满足可持续发展要求,降低家庭废物处理成本的同时,实现资源就地回用,具有较高的工程应用和推广价值。     

我国农产品加工业发展现状及对策

农产品加工业是我国最大的制造业,是经济发展的战略性支柱产业。通过对我国农产品加工业的发展现状进行概述分析,剖析其与国外一些发达国家相比存在的问题,发现我国农产品加工产业整体呈现稳步向前的发展态势,但各区域发展尚不平衡,农产品加工转化率、农产品加工业与农业总产值比有待提高。鉴于此,从政策引领、标准体系、各地特色与优势和科技创新4方面提出对策与建议,探讨我国农产品加工业如何突破制约和瓶颈,提高农产品加工转化率,提升农产品加工业与农业总产值比,增强自主创新能力,优化产业转型升级,促进我国农产品加工业快速发展。     

基于改进LMD的泵站摆度信号分析

局部均值分解(local mean decomposition, LMD)在分析非线性、非平稳信号时具有特有的分析能力,特别适合泵站机组摆度信号的分析.但是在信号分解为固有旋转分量的过程中,由于局域均值和包络估计函数在数据端点存在误差,会产生端点效应,严重时导致信号分解结果失真.针对这一问题,从全面考虑曲线幅值和几何形状相似性出发,提出基于灰色B型关联度和欧氏距离的端点效应抑制方法.为评价该端点效应抑制方法的抑制效果,提出分解前后的信号能量变化的评价标准.通过与原始局域均值分解算法、镜像映射法和波形匹配法等传统方法相比,验证该方法的有效性和优越性.仿真信号和泵站主轴摆度实测信号的应用表明,该方法能够有效地抑制端点效应,提高LMD分解过程中重构信号精度,更好地提取泵站机组摆度信号故障特征.