苏南某焦化厂场地土壤和地下水特征污染物分布规律研究

以苏南某焦化厂为研究对象,在对污染区域初步识别的基础上,采集了0～4.5 m深的22个土壤样品和2个地下水样品,利用GC/MS等检测了多环芳烃类、总石油烃、苯系物、重金属,总氰化物、挥发酚、硫化物的含量,并研究了其在不同功能区土壤和地下水中的特征分布。结果表明：（1）该焦化场土壤和地下水受到了不同程度的污染,其中炼焦炉周边、焦油和洗油储罐区、焦油和粗苯加工车间是污染最严重的区域;（2）土壤中主要超标污染物是多环芳烃、总氰化物、总石油烃、单环芳香烃、二苯呋喃、苯胺、硫化物、挥发酚和一些苯酚类化合物;（3）地下水重点污染区域粗苯车间受到总氰化物、苯胺、苯酚类、萘、总石油烃、单环芳香烃的严重污染,污水处理站区域地下水主要污染物包括总氰化物、萘、总石油烃、苯。     

石油污染土壤鞘氨醇单胞菌遗传多样性16S rDNA-PCR-DGGE分析

鞘氨醇单胞菌是降解多环芳烃(PAHs)的重要功能微生物。然而,采用属特异引物直接从PAHs污染土壤中检测鞘氨醇单胞菌进而研究鞘氨醇单胞菌在污染土壤中的多样性、种群结构及其与PAHs污染的关系鲜有报道。本研究自行设计鞘氨醇单胞菌属特异性引物,通过16S rDNA-PCR-DGGE技术对沈抚灌区石油污染土壤鞘氨醇单胞菌遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明,自行设计的鞘氨醇单胞菌属引物732f-982r能够特异、灵敏的从环境样品中检出鞘氨醇单胞菌。当沈抚灌区原位污染土壤的PAHs浓度小于5 mg kg-1时,鞘氨醇单胞菌多样性随着PAHs浓度的增加而增加;而初始PAHs浓度高的实验室模拟实验土壤,其鞘氨醇单胞菌多样性较低。鞘氨醇单胞菌种群结构受污染土壤总石油烃(TPH)含量的影响,TPH含量接近的土壤,鞘氨醇单胞菌的群落结构较为相似。     

成都市春季土壤和扬尘中饱和烃的污染特征与来源分析

用GC-MS分析了成都市不同方位区域内具有代表性的土壤和扬尘样品中饱和烃的组成与分布特征。研究表明,在土壤和扬尘中均检测出了丰富的正构烷烃和甾、萜烷化合物等饱和烃。正构烷烃在土壤和扬尘中差别明显,其浓度分别为7.54~40.37μg g-1和26.61~71.52μg g-1,峰形分别主要呈前峰型和后峰型。成都市土壤中正构烷烃含量的趋势是东>北>中>西>南,扬尘为南>西>东>中>北。在土壤和扬尘中均检测出包括C27~C29规则甾烷、重排甾烷和孕甾烷等甾烷系列化合物和萜类化合物,主要来源于化石燃料和生物质不完全燃烧的产物等。     

宁波土壤中多环芳烃的健康风险评价

以宁波地区土壤中多环芳烃的含量调查结果为基础,采用美国能源部风险评估信息系统的暴露量化方法和美国环保局健康风险评估手册的风险表征方法,评估了土壤中16种多环芳烃对户外劳作者的健康风险。结果表明,宁波户外劳作者由于土壤中多环芳烃引起的平均非致癌危害指数为1.09×10-5,平均致癌风险值为3.17×10-7,可判定对人体健康的危害较小。宁波地区致癌多环芳烃含量最高暴露点致癌风险值为1.45×10-6,没有超过致癌风险水平上限（10-4）,说明致癌风险尚在可接受范围内。多环芳烃中苯并（a）芘对综合致癌风险贡献最大,贡献率高达65.6%,应注意防范土壤中该污染物引起的健康危害。宁波户外劳作者受到的非致癌危害和致癌风险主要由直接摄入途径和皮肤接触途径贡献,两种途径对非致癌危害和致癌风险贡献率分别达到89%和100%,呼吸摄入引起的非致癌危害和致癌风险则相对较小。     

苏南地区农田表层土壤中多环芳烃和酞酸酯的污染特征及来源

采用气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)法测定了苏南地区13个农田表层土壤样品中的多环芳烃(PAHs)和酞酸酯(PAEs)污染物,分析比较了不同区域农田表层土壤,尤其是来自钢铁企业周边的表层土壤中PAHs和PAEs的污染特征及其来源。结果表明,苏南地区农田土壤中总PAHs和总PAEs的浓度分别在147～40300μg·kg-1和0.575～762μg·kg-1之间,其中钢铁厂周边的平均浓度分别为6130μg·kg-1和47.4μg·kg-1。土壤样品中苯并(a)芘的浓度与总PAHs的浓度显著相关,高分子量PAHs在钢铁厂周边表土中含量较高,钢铁冶炼焦化和烧结等工序是其污染来源。酞酸正丁酯(DBP)和酞酸乙基己基酯是苏南地区农田土壤中含量最高的两种PAEs类物质,钢铁厂周边有较高的DBP检出可能与炼钢、冷轧和炼铁等工序有关。本研究将为经济高速发展地区农田土壤环境质量评价、农产品安全生产及土壤污染防治对策的制定提供科学依据。     

亚热带地区农业土壤和植物中多环芳烃的分布

以汕头经济特区的农业土壤和蔬菜为例,运用气相色谱-质谱方法对美国EPA优控多环芳烃(PAH)进行定性、定量测定,分析了其在中国亚热带地区农业土壤和植物中的分布特征,讨论了影响其分布的主要因素.结果表明:该区农业土壤中的PAH以3环和4环为主,单个PAH以萘、菲、荧蒽和苯并[b]萤蒽为主;而植物中的PAH以3环为主,单个PAH以萘、菲为主.PAH可在0～100 cm的土层范围内有效移动和传输,其中表层土壤的输入比率要高于移动和传输的比率.影响PAH在土壤和植物中分布的因素除PAH本身的理化性质外,土壤的理化性质、植物种类和环境条件同时起重要的作用.     

Determining tolerance limits for restoration and phytoremediation with Spartina patens in crude oil-contaminated sediment in greenhouse

Oil spills may detrimentally damage sensitive coastal habitats, such as coastal wetlands. Successful restoration of oiled habitats primarily depends on the tolerance of vegetation transplants to oil. In this study, tolerance limits of the dominant coastal brackish marsh plant Spartina patens to South Louisiana crude (SLC) oil and its phytoremediation effectiveness on petroleum hydrocarbons in wetland sediments were investigated in the greenhouse environment. Spartina patens was transplanted into brackish marsh sediments contaminated with SLC oil at concentrations of 0, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640 and 800 mg SLC oil g^?1 dry sediment. High oil concentrations adversely affected plant stem density, aboveground biomass and belowground biomass even one year after transplantation. At the 320 mg g^?1 oil dosage, plant belowground biomass was significantly lower than the control although aboveground variables were not significantly different from the control. All plant parameters mentioned above at the 640 mg g^?1 oil dosage were less than 50% of the control. Spartina patens did not survive the 800 mg g^?1 oil dosage. The tolerance limit of S. patens to SLC was estimated about 320 mg oil g^?1 dry sediment. In addition, S. patens transplants enhanced oil degradation in the sediment; concentrations of residual total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the sediments vegetated by S. patens were significantly lower than those of un-vegetated sediments for both the surface and subsurface sediment at the 40 and 160 mg g^?1 SLC oil dosages. Decreases in the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) further demonstrated the capacity of S. patens to phytoremediate residual oil; residual total targeted PAHs in the phytoremediation treatment were less than 20% of the un-vegetated treatment at the 40 mg g^?1 oil dosage. These results demonstrated the potential of phytoremediation with S. patens to simultaneously restore and remediate petroleum-contaminated coastal marsh habitats.     

Removal of benzo (a) pyrene from soil using an endogeic earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus ()

The endogeic earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus (Müller, 1857) was the most abundant species (75%) in soil contaminated with hydrocarbons, mostly benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), in the state of Tabasco (Mexico). The earthworm P. corethrurus was tested for its capacity to remove 100 mg BaP kg⁻¹ from an Anthrosol soil (sterilized or not) and amended with legume Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) Baker ex Burck (3%) or the grass Brachiaria humidicola (L.) DC (3%) (recently renamed as Urochloa humidicola (Rendle) Morrone & Zuloaga) in an aerobic incubation experiment. P. corethrurus removed 26.6 mg BaP kg⁻¹ from the sterilized soil and application of B. humidicola as feed increased this to 35.7 mg BaP kg⁻¹ and M. pruriens to 34.2 mg BaP kg⁻¹ after 112 days. The autochthonous microorganisms removed 9.1 mg BaP kg⁻¹ from the unsterilized soil and application of B. humidicola increased this to 18.0 mg BaP kg⁻¹ and M. pruriens to 11.2 mg BaP kg⁻¹. Adding P. corethrurus to the unsterilized soil accelerated the removal of BaP and 36.1 mg kg⁻¹ was dissipated from soil. It was found that the autochthonous microorganisms removed BaP from soil, but addition of P. corethrurus increased the dissipation 4-fold. The endogeic earthworm P. corethrurus can thus be used to remediate hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in tropical regions.     

土著B[a]P降解菌群的富集及最佳降解条件研究

为了获得能够降解苯并[a]芘(BaP)的微生物菌群,为生物修复多环芳烃污染的土壤提供菌种资源,本试验从长期石油污染的土壤中,富集了一个能够降解BaP的微生物菌群,并研究了其最佳降解条件,通过高通量测序研究了其群落结构。该菌群可以在15 d内将30 mg·L^-1的BaP降解33.34%。高通量测序的结果表明,该菌群主要由Bacillus、Zobellella、Gordonia和Rheinheimera组成,其中Bacillus是主要的降解菌。试验结果表明,该菌群的最佳降解条件为1%盐度,酵母浓度为80 mg·L^-1,pH值7.0。该菌群对芘、菲、荧蒽等多环芳烃也有一定的降解效果,其中荧蒽的降解效果最好,降解率达到99%。试验结果表明,该菌群在实际应用中具有很大的潜力。     

江苏典型斑点叉尾鮰（Ictalurus punctatus）养殖区多环芳烃生态风险及健康风险评价

为评价江苏典型斑点叉尾鮰养殖区多环芳烃(PAHs)残留水平和生态风险及健康风险,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GCMS)根据生长阶段跟踪监测了江苏主要养殖区养殖塘斑点叉尾鮰鱼体、池塘水体和底泥中多环芳烃残留;采用Kalf风险商值法,进行池塘水体生态风险评价;利用沉积物质量基准法(SQGs)对池塘底泥开展生态风险评价;并用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对斑点叉尾鮰食用安全进行健康风险评价。在鱼体、养殖水体、底泥中,16种PAHs总检出率为100%,但致癌性物质苯并[a]芘均未检出,单体Nap、Phe、BaA、Pyr、Chr、Flu、Ace为常见检出物,其中Phe检出率达100%,Nap达到80%以上。结构组成上,鱼体、养殖水体均以2～4环为主要成分,底泥结构较为复杂,以3～4环为优势组分。鱼体中(以湿质量计)总PAHs含量范围在11.75～60.02μg·kg~(-1),对食用斑点叉尾鮰引起的健康风险进行评价,成人的风险范围为2.25×10~(-9)～5.80×10~(-7)a~(-1),致癌风险远小于最大可接受水平,处于致癌风险控制水平。池塘养殖水PAHs含量范围在0.03～0.46μg·L~(-1),总体上生态风险程度为低风险,但单体Nap、Phe及部分池塘中Ace、Pyr及Fla处于中等风险水平,其他单体对生态系统的影响可以忽略。底泥(以干质量计)PAHs含量在24.48～145.04μg·kg~(-1),总体上PAHs对生物毒副作用不显著。