高产氮高效型籼稻品种的籽粒灌浆特性

为明确高产氮高效型籼稻品种的籽粒灌浆特性及其与产量和氮素利用的关系，选用高产氮高效型（HYHNE）、高产氮中效型（HYMNE）和低产氮低效型（LYLNE）杂交籼稻品种，在相应最适氮肥水平下，研究3种类型水稻品种籽粒灌浆特性差异及其与产量和氮利用效率的关系。结果表明，籽粒灌浆特性在不同类型品种间和不同粒位间均存在较大差异。强势粒的最大灌浆速率(GRmax)、达到最大灌浆速率时的米粒重(Wmax)和平均灌浆速率(GRmean)均表现为HYHNE>HYMNE>LYLNE，起始生长势(R0)、活跃灌浆期(D)和有效灌浆时间(T99)均表现为HYHNELYLNE>HYMNE， R0、D和T99均表现为HYHNE相似文献   

煤矸石山立地条件与林业复垦研究——以山西统配煤矿为例

煤矸石是我国工业排弃数量最大的固体废弃物，它带来的危害是压占土地、破坏景观、污染环境。山西省作为能源重化工基地，煤矸石的堆积、污染问题尤为突出，改造任务异常艰巨。研究结果表明：煤矸石成山状堆积，仅表层１０ｃｍ左右有物理风化，下层很难风化；煤矸石山可蓄一定的水分，但地表高温，养分贫瘠，特别是自燃后的矸石强酸高盐，给植被恢复带来了极大的困难；大量煤矸石山的基本出路是进行林业复垦。其适用技术体系包括：①做好水保工程，保留地表黑色风化层；②引入先锋草种、树种；③薄盖土后直播；④加强施肥、病虫害防治等管理。     

小麦灌浆期间营养器官对籽粒氮积累的影响

小麦灌浆期间叶片、颖壳、茎秆、叶鞘分解输出的氮素约占籽粒积累氮素量的60%～73%;各器官对籽粒含氮量的贡献依次为叶片>茎节>颖壳>叶鞘.施N量0～10.5kg/亩,各营养器官在灌浆初期含氮量均提高,最终输出率也相应提高;施N量超过10.5 kg/亩,最终输出率反而下降.     

Recultivation of Agricultural Land Impaired by Construction of a Hydropower Plant on the Sava River,Slovenia

Hydropower plants on the lower river Sava, Slovenia, were developed without sealing the underground upstream. As a consequence, without the countermeasures of elevating and recultivating, the agricultural land on the river banks would be inundated because of the water‐table increase of the river. To remedy this, the fields were elevated and recultivated. The goal of this study was to assess soil quality and production potential after land raising and recultivation and to answer the question whether it is possible to recover soil quality and crop yield after large‐scale mass manipulation, such as land raising. After recultivation and after the second year of land reuse for the two cultures grass–clover mixture and corn on two sites, Middle Pijavsko and Lower Pijavsko, soil physical and chemical characteristics and crop yields were evaluated. Mixing of topsoil with the second horizon during removal and during backfill with filling material resulted in uneven soil fertility, plant growth and decreased yield. Driving on the refilled second layer with heavy machinery caused soil compaction in the Middle Pijavsko in spite of favourable soil texture (loam, 38·7% sand). On the areas with very high sand content (over 55%) and low clay content (10%), soil compaction was not as severe or persistent. Recultivation measures restored the agricultural land almost to the production potential prior to powerplant construction. Immediate intensive land use (corn) showed less favourable effect on soil characteristics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2种熟型玉米籽粒灌浆特性及其与产量关系的比较研究

为了明确不同熟型玉米籽粒灌浆特性及其对产量的影响,比较研究了中晚熟品种农大108和中早熟品种石玉7号籽粒灌浆动态与产量表现,并对籽粒灌浆特性与籽粒水分的关系进行了分析。结果表明,石玉7号与农大108产量差异显著,百粒重是两品种产量差异的主要原因;石玉7号具有籽粒发育速度快、体积大等特点,前中期（0-45d）灌浆速率始终快于农大108,生育后期（45 d以后）急剧下降。农大108后期灌浆速率则下降缓慢。籽粒发育速度快,灌浆盛期灌浆速度快、强度大是石玉7号百粒重高的主要原因;籽粒水分状况与籽粒灌浆速率关系密切。回归分析表明,籽粒含水百分率在59.47%左右时,石玉7号灌浆速率达到最大值,为9.28 mg/（粒.d）;农大108则在57.92%左右时,灌浆速率达到最大值,为8.23 mg/（粒.d）。当籽粒含水百分率下降到某一临界值时,籽粒灌浆停止。两品种收获时,籽粒含水百分率尚远在籽粒灌浆终止临界值以上。     

水稻灌浆期籽粒中3个与淀粉合成有关的酶活性变化

在水培和盆栽条件下，研究了6个水稻品种(含籼/粳杂交组合、新株型品系)灌浆期强、弱势粒中ADPG焦磷酸酶(EC2.7.7.21)、淀粉合成酶(EC2.4.1.21)和淀粉分枝酶或Q-酶(EC2.4.1.18)的活性变化及其与灌浆充实的关系。3个酶的活性变化与籽粒灌浆动态相关联：淀粉酶最高活性出现的时间稍前或同步于最大灌浆速率的时间；ADPG焦磷酸酶     

Remobilization of Nitrogen and Carbohydrate from Stems of Bread Wheat in Response to Heat Stress during Grain Filling

When wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is grown under heat-stress conditions during grain filling, preanthesis stored total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) and nitrogen (N) could serve as alternative source of assimilates. This study was performed to evaluate wheat genotypes for their ability to accumulate and remobilize TNC and N stored in their stem to support grain filling under heat stress. Eighteen genotypes were used for N remobilization study while nine of them were used for TNC remobilization study. They were grown in pots and placed in a vinyl house with the maximum temperature kept below 30 °C. Five days after anthesis (5DAA), half of the pots were taken to phytotrons where temperature was gradually increased and the maximum was set at 38 °C. Grain yield and grain weight decreased by about 35 % under heat stress. Significant differences were found among genotypes in percentage reduction in grain yield, grain weight, grain filling duration and harvest index because of heat stress. The N and TNC concentrations of the stem at 5DAA were significantly different among genotypes. Heat stress significantly reduced the N remobilization efficiency of most of genotypes. However, heat stress significantly increased TNC remobilization efficiency and significant variation were observed among genotypes. N remobilization efficiency across treatments significantly correlated with grain yield, grain weight, harvest index and grain filling duration. TNC at 5DAA negatively correlated with N at 5DAA and harvest index, but the TNC remobilization efficiency under heat stress positively correlated with mainstem grain yield, grain weight and harvest index. The rate of chlorophyll loss from flag leaf positively correlated with N and TNC remobilization efficiencies under heat stress suggesting a link between leaf senescence and remobilization efficiency. The results indicate that heat stress negatively affected grain yield, its components and N remobilization while it increased TNC remobilization because of the increasing demand for resources.     

不同小麦品种籽粒灌浆特性的研究

以黄淮南片主产麦区广泛种植和新近育成推广的12个小麦品种为供试材料,对籽粒灌浆特性进行研究.结果表明:籽粒平均灌浆速度及最大灌浆速度均与百粒重、籽粒体积和籽粒最大体积呈极显著的正相关;籽粒灌浆持续期仅与饱满指数呈显著的正相关,而与百粒重无显著相关.供试品种的籽粒平均灌浆速度和最大灌浆速度,均以郑州853、陕农7859为最快,灌浆持续期最短,属晚花基因型品种;冀麦5418和徐州21的灌浆持续期最长,属早花基因型品种.还探讨了黄淮麦区南片小麦籽粒灌浆模式.     

黑龙江春玉米种植区高产品种籽粒灌浆、脱水特性及产量分析

为了研究不同高产玉米品种在黑龙江春玉米区种植的可行性,以‘先玉335’和‘郑单958’为试材,通过对比分析,探讨2个品种在该地区种植的灌浆和脱水特性。结果表明,‘先玉335’灌浆迅速,生理性脱水快,产量高;‘郑单958’灌浆持续期略长,前期和中期灌浆速率较‘先玉335’慢,但后期灌浆速率和自然性脱水速率都快,产量较高。从气温和降雨特点来看,在黑龙江春玉米种植区部分积温较高地区,可考虑将‘郑单958’作为品种更替及多样化的备选材料。     

空气温湿度对水稻灌浆及空壳率的影响研究

对1996—2005年10个年份的晚稻孕穗至成熟期的空气温度与相对湿度对水稻空壳率和灌浆影响进行了研究，结果表明：相对湿度对水稻的灌浆速度没有显著影响；灌浆期气温的升高对水稻灌浆速度的增加有显著影响；日最高温度大于或等于30℃的天数对水稻秕粒率的影响是不显著的；但孕穗期至抽穗开花期日最高温度大于或等于30℃的天数对水稻空壳率的影响是极显著的。最后对防御高温危害提出了建议。