杜仲雌花芽2个发育时期转录组分析

杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides)的果实是提取杜仲胶和杜仲籽油的重要原材料,在工业、医疗、食品等领域开发前景广阔。为了揭示雌蕊原基发育相关基因的表达情况,本研究以杜仲果用良种‘华仲6号’(Huazhong No.6)为材料,利用lllumina Hiseq X-10高通量测序平台,分别对花序原基分化期和雌蕊原基分化期的花芽进行转录组测序,通过生物信息学对2个发育时期的雌花芽转录组进行比较分析,筛选出与杜仲雌蕊原基发育相关的差异基因。结果显示,转录组测序共获得68.11 Gb数据,各样品的Clean reads与杜仲基因组进行序列比对,比对效率为91.59%~92.05%,同时2个发育时期共筛选出485个差异表达基因,其中219个差异基因在雌蕊原基分化期表达上调,266个表达下调。差异基因GO富集结果表明,花的发育、光周期现象、激素生物合成以及蛋白结合转录因子活性等相关的生物途径被富集。KEGG富集结果表明淀粉和蔗糖代谢、碳代谢、昼夜节律和植物激素信号转导等代谢通路被富集。结果表明光周期途径是诱导杜仲成花的重要途径,且雌蕊原基发育受碳水化合物、植物激素和其他代谢物质调控。本研究为杜仲花器官发育调控基因的挖掘提供了基础数据,也为果用杜仲的分子育种提供了参考。     

基于 TransCAD 的改扩建公路交通量预测影响因素分析

阐述交通量预测“四阶段”法基本步骤。以黑龙江省省道明水至林甸段改扩建公路为例，基于四阶段法，对TransCAD软件在改扩建项目交通量预测中的应用进行分析研究，其中包括未来社会经济发展趋势预测、交通小区的划分及路网的构建、基年OD矩阵反推、未来出行产生、吸引总量预测、未来出行分布预测和交通量分配。结合TransCAD软件对“四阶段”法四个阶段进行逐一分析，提取出影响交通量预测的主要因素。将远景年拟建项目交通分配量作为评价指标，对影响因素进行敏感性分析，得出GDP预测增长率为最敏感因素，基年路段实测交通量次之。故应在今后的预测工作中对基年路段实测车流量调查和GDP预测增长率预测进行分析总结，以确保交通量预测结果的准确性。     

不同季节高寒草甸牧草瘤胃发酵特性和体外消化率分析

本文旨在探讨不同生育时期高寒草甸牧草的牦牛瘤胃体外发酵参数及CH₄产量。通过测定返青期、青草期和枯草期3个生育时期牧草的营养品质、瘤胃发酵参数和CH₄产量。结果表明：青草期牧草总能（Gross energy，GE）、粗蛋白（Crude protein，CP）和粗脂肪（Ether extract，EE）等均显著高于返青期和枯草期（P<0.05）；青草期牧草在各发酵时间点的体外干物质消化率（Dry matter digestibility，DMD）、粗蛋白消化率（Crude protein digestibility，CPD）和有机物质消化率（Organic matter digestibility，OMD）均显著高于返青期和枯草期（P<0.05）；青草期牧草12，24和48 h瘤胃NH₃-N、乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸和异戊酸含量显著高于返青期和枯黄期（P<0.05）；不同发酵时间牧草总产气量和CH₄产量变化规律为：返青期>青草期>枯草期。综上所述，青草期草地生物量最高，牧草营养品质和体外消化率最高，CH₄排放最低，瘤胃发酵模式最优。建议选择青草期牧草放牧。     

不同发育阶段马尾松人工林经营效果动态分析

为揭示不同发育阶段马尾松人工林经营效果的动态变化特征规律,对青羊湖林场不同发育阶段的马尾松人工林(幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林)林分空间结构、物种多样性、土壤肥力、林木生长等指标进行动态分析,运用主成分分析法,对不同发育阶段的各经营样地的经营效果进行综合评价。结果表明:不同发育阶段的马尾松林在经营改造后,空间结构明显改善,物种多样性指数均明显提高,土壤肥力也有所改善;幼龄林、中龄林和近熟林9块样地抚育间伐补植改造效果综合评价得分依次为0.079,-0.021,-0.241,0.528,0.438,1.028,-0.145,-0.780,-0.886,得分越高说明改造经营效果越好。经营促进了不同发育阶段马尾松人工林林分空间结构的优化、树种多样性的提高、土壤肥力的改善和林木蓄积生长的提高,林分向异龄复层混交林方向发展,为马尾松人工林经营提供理论依据。     

果蝇毛锤角细蜂对黑腹果蝇蛹不同龄期的选择性

黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Meigen是浆果类水果的果实害虫之一，对葡萄果实为害严重。毛锤角细蜂Trichopria drosophilae是黑腹果蝇的蛹寄生蜂之一。本文在温度26℃、相对湿度50%、光周期14L：10D的室内条件下，研究了毛锤角细蜂对不同日龄黑腹果蝇蛹的选择性。结果表明：毛锤角细蜂可寄生黑腹果蝇各日龄的蛹，但偏爱寄生预蛹。在寄主预蛹时，毛锤角细蜂的出蜂量、寄生率和选择系数分别为14.00头、35%和0.13，均显著高于1～3日龄蛹；不同日龄的黑腹果蝇蛹对毛锤角细蜂后代发育历期和雌蜂比没有显著影响。综上所述，黑腹果蝇的预蛹是毛锤角细蜂寄生的最佳时期。以黑腹果蝇为寄主时，研究毛锤角细蜂的寄生规律对于黑腹果蝇及其他果蝇的生物防治具有重要的指导意义。     

Grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under long‐term heat stress is sink‐limited with stronger inhibition of kernel setting than grain filling

The aim of the study was to investigate source‐sink relations of wheat under continuous heat stress and to identify bottle necks of yield formation. A pot experiment was conducted in two climatic chambers exposing wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Thasos) either to day/night temperatures of 20/20°C (control conditions) or of 30/25°C (heat stress) during the whole vegetation period in the absence of plant water deficit. Plants were harvested at four phenological stages: three‐node stage (DC 33), start of flowering (DC 61), grain filling (DC 75) and maturity (DC 94). Heat stress shortened the development phases of the plants and caused a significant decrease in total above‐ground biomass between 19% and 41%. At grain filling and at maturity, the reductions in total shoot biomass mainly resulted from grain yield depressions by 77% and 58%, respectively. The ear number per plant was significantly higher under heat stress in comparison with the control, at maturity it was more than doubled. On the contrary, under heat stress, the kernel number per ear was strongly decreased by 83% and 75% during grain filling and at maturity, respectively. The decrease in individual kernel weight was 23% at maturity. Thus, the heat‐stressed plants were able to strongly increase the number of ear‐bearing tillers which were able to set only a small number of kernels, yet these kernels showed good grain filling. The harvest index (HI) of heat‐stressed plants was significantly reduced by 36% (control: HI = 50.1% ± 0.4, heat: HI = 32.2% ± 0.9***). The plants in the stress treatment adapted to the adverse conditions by less biomass production which presumably allowed a higher transpiration without an increase in total water consumption. Nevertheless, under heat stress, the water use efficiency (WUE_grain) was strongly decreased by 62% as a result of a small grain yield. In ears and grains, the sucrose, glucose and fructose concentrations were not significantly different between control and heat stress at start of flowering and during grain filling. Thus, the supply of assimilates was not restricted (no source limitation). Sink capacity was reduced by heat stress, as lesser and smaller kernels were produced than in the control. Concerning sink activity, the sink‐limiting step during kernel set is probably the active transport of hexoses across the plasma membrane into the developing kernels, which could also affect grain filling. This needs to be investigated in more detail in further studies.     

Interaction between the effects of evaporation rate and amount of simulated rainfall on development of the free-living stages of Haemonchus contortus

A factorial experiment (3 x 4 x 2 x 3) was conducted in programmable incubators to investigate interaction between the effects of rainfall amount, rainfall distribution and evaporation rate on development of Haemonchus contortus to L3. Sheep faeces containing H. contortus eggs were incubated on sterilised soil under variable temperatures typical of summer in the Northern Tablelands of NSW, Australia. Simulated rainfall was applied in 1 of 3 amounts (12, 24 or 32 mm) and 4 distributions (a single event on the day after deposition, or the same total amount split in 2, 3 or 4 equal events over 2, 3 or 4 days, respectively). Samples were incubated at either a Low or High rate of evaporation (Low: 2.1-3.4 mm/day and High: 3.8-6.1 mm/day), and faeces and soil were destructively sampled at 4, 7 and 14 days post-deposition. Recovery of L3 from the soil (extra-pellet L3) increased over time (up to 0.52% at day 14) and with each increment of rainfall (12 mm: <0.01%; 24 mm: 0.10%; 32 mm: 0.45%) but was reduced under the High evaporation rate (0.01%) compared with the Low evaporation rate (0.31%). All rainfall amounts yielded significantly different recoveries of L3 under Low evaporation rates but there was no difference between the 12 and 24 mm treatments under the High evaporation rate. The distribution of simulated rainfall did not significantly affect recovery of infective larvae. Faecal moisture content was positively associated with L3 recovery, as was the ratio of cumulative precipitation and cumulative evaporation (P/E), particularly when measured in the first 4 days post-deposition. The results show that evaporation rate plays a significant role in regulating the influence of rainfall amount on the success of L3 transmission.     

BPI基因在梅山猪初生断奶以及成年阶段的组织表达谱分析

为探讨杀菌/通透性增强蛋白(BPI)基因在梅山猪从初生到成年各个时期不同组织中的表达规律,利用qPCR检测初生、断奶、性成熟、体成熟4个重要发育时期(即1、35、134、158日龄)梅山猪的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、胃、肌肉、胸腺、淋巴结、十二指肠、空肠和回肠12个组织中BPI基因的表达水平。结果表明:4个不同发育阶段BPI基因的组织表达谱在心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肌肉和胸腺中均表现出相对一致的规律,即BPI基因的表达量一直处于极低水平,而在肠道组织中从初生到成年各时期均高度表达;BPI基因在胃中的表达程度随着日龄增长而显著提高;在小肠组织中,35日龄断奶仔猪BPI基因的表达水平极显著高于其他3个日龄。综上,推断肠道中BPI基因的高度表达是仔猪从初生就具有的抵抗大肠杆菌等病原感染属固有免疫的一部分,而在胃中的表达很可能是其后天为了抵御不断侵染的大肠杆菌等病原的结果。     

不同生长时期虎斑乌贼内壳营养成分含量分析比较

通过探究不同生长时期虎斑乌贼内壳的营养成分及矿物元素含量变化,为其开发利用提供理论依据。采用国家标准方法对不同生长时期(60、90、120、150日龄)虎斑乌贼内壳营养成分(水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、多糖、氨基酸、脂肪酸)及矿物元素[5种常量元素——钠(Na)、钾(K)、镁(Mg)、铝(Al)、钙(Ca)和8种微量元素——铜(Cu)、铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)、硒(Se)、锰(Mn)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、锶(Sr)]的含量进行测定。结果表明:不同生长时期时,粗灰分均是虎斑乌贼内壳的主要成分,含量为89.98%~92.06%,其含量随着生长不断增加,表现为150日龄时显著高于其他日龄时(P0.05);粗蛋白质的含量为2.82%~3.11%,其含量随着生长不断增加,表现为150日龄时显著高于60日龄时(P0.05);水分含量为3.93%~6.21%,其含量随着生长不断降低,表现为60日龄时显著高于其他日龄时(P0.05);相对于其他营养成分,虎斑乌贼内壳中粗脂肪、多糖含量较少,分别为0.41%~0.47%、0.34%~0.38%。不同生长时期的虎斑乌贼内壳中均检测出17种氨基酸,其中7种必需氨基酸(EAA)。不同生长时期的虎斑乌贼内壳中总氨基酸(TAA)、EAA和酸性氨基酸(AAA)含量分别为2.79%~2.93%、0.87%~0.98%和0.69%~0.87%,其中AAA含量随着生长不断增加,表现为150日龄时显著高于其他日龄时(P0.05)。各生长时期虎斑乌贼内壳中均以谷氨酸(Glu)含量(0.31%~0.43%)最高,组氨酸(His)含量(0.03%~0.07%)最低。不同生长时期的虎斑乌贼内壳中均检测出7种脂肪酸,包括3种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、1种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和3种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA);在脂肪酸组分中以C22∶6n-3、C16∶0和C18∶0为主,其中C22∶6n-3含量(35.68%~37.62%)最高。生长时期对常量元素Na、Mg、Al和Ca及微量元素Cu、Zn和Sr含量有显著影响(P0.05),尤其是Ca、Mg、Zn含量,随着生长不断增加;重金属元素Cd、As含量很低,分别为0.001~0.003 mg/g和0.012~0.030 mg/g。综上所述,虎斑乌贼内壳营养丰富,Ca、M g、Zn含量高,且随着生长不断增加,具有良好的开发应用前景。     

高温对粘虫未成熟期生长发育的影响

本文报道了粘虫卵、幼虫和蛹在２４℃以上４种高温中生长发育的情况。结果表明,卵在相对湿度８０％左右,温度为２４－３３℃范围内均能顺利孵化,孵化率均在８７％以上,而３５℃中卵不能孵化,幼虫和蛹死亡率随着温度的升高而增加,３５℃时所有幼虫均在幼虫期或蛹期死亡,未成熟期（卵、幼虫和蛹）在２４－３０℃范围内随着温度的升高而缩短,３３℃时反而有所延长。高温对幼虫虫龄及各龄幼虫头壳宽度也有显著的影响（ｐ＜０．０５）．２４、２７℃中老熟幼虫均为６龄,而３０、３３、３５℃中７龄老熟幼虫比例分别占４％、２４％、１００％．各龄幼虫的头壳宽度以２７℃的最宽,且随着温度的升高而逐渐下降（３５℃的２龄幼虫除外）,不论其差异是否显著。３３℃以上高温显著不利于幼虫头壳的增长。蛹也是以２７℃的最重,且随着温度的升高而降低,３３℃时达到显著差异（ｐ＜０．０５）．由此可见,３３℃以上高温不仅不利于粘虫幼虫和蛹的生存,而且导致幼虫蜕皮次数增加,各龄幼虫头壳宽度变小,未成熟期延长及蛹重降低等发育受阻现象,而３５℃高温直接对卵和蛹有完全致死作用,这些结果均是粘虫夏天在我国南方地区不能渡夏的直接原因。