基于控制授粉技术的玉米弱势粒发育与库特征的关系

明确弱势粒败育和灌浆受限与其库容量或库活性关系,对于探讨弱势粒调控途径、实现密植群体产量挖潜具有重要意义。本研究以典型玉米杂交种郑单958和先玉335为材料,在控制授粉条件下(不完全授粉IcP、完全授粉CP),比较成功发育弱势粒(IcP处理)和发育不良弱势粒(CP处理)的库容量和库活性及籽粒灌浆参数的差异。结果表明,不同控制授粉处理下,玉米弱势粒胚乳细胞增殖过程和最大胚乳细胞数无显著差异;IcP处理弱势粒可溶性酸性蔗糖转化酶(SAI)活性显著高于CP处理,平均差异和最大差异分别达12.6%和21.8%,且实测百粒重、籽粒终极生长量、最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率皆表现为IcP处理高于CP处理。可见,玉米果穗顶部弱势粒败育或灌浆停滞不受其库容量的限制,籽粒形成期的库活性是弱势粒败育或灌浆受限的核心限制因子。     

Does post‐anthesis heat stress affect plant phenology,physiology, grain yield and protein content of durum wheat in a semi‐arid Mediterranean environment?

Increasing air temperature due to changing climate is projected to decrease the length of the growing season, hasten vegetative development and maturation, and ultimately affect yield of many C3 crops. Previous multilocation trials highlighted strong relationships between thermal trends in the interval “beginning of flowering‐end of grain filling” and grain yield, and protein content in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.). With the aim to confirm these relationships, nine durum wheat genotypes, including old (Capeiti 8, Senatore Cappelli and Trinakria) and modern (Amedeo, Arcangelo, Mongibello, Simeto, and Svevo) varieties and a Sicilian landrace (Russello) were grown at three different sites representing a climate gradient in Sicily, Italy. Moreover, the effect of post‐anthesis heat stress on these durum wheats was further investigated in two contrasting environments: open‐field (control—C) and greenhouse heat stress (HS). HS shortened the interval “beginning‐end of flowering” of 1.5 days across genotypes, and the “end of flowering‐beginning of grain filling” and maturation of 4.9 days, with a range of 1 day in Arcangelo to 11 days in Cappelli. Advances in main phenophases significantly decreased kernel weight (KW) and grain yield (GY), whereas grain protein content (PC) increased. As expected, a negative relationship was observed between GY and PC, while positive relationships were found for GY and grain‐filling duration (GFD), and GY and KW. Genotypes responded differently to heat stress, as evidenced by the net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, instantaneous water use efficiency and dry matter accumulation in kernels. Genotypes were ranked according to the heat susceptibility index (HSI): Amedeo, Arcangelo, Capeiti 8, Svevo and Trinakria resulted heat‐tolerant. These varieties were characterized by an early trigger of dry matter accumulation in kernels under HS (Amedeo, Arcangelo and Trinakria), or showed similar length of the GFD (Capeiti 8) between environments. The multilocation trial confirmed a negative relationship between maximum temperatures and grain yield, and a positive relationship between minimum temperatures and protein content during grain–filling periods. Research focusing on agronomic strategies, phenology and breeding for tolerance to heat stress is of strategic importance to cope with the detrimental effect of global warming in semi‐arid climates.     

Yield Components of Apical and Subapical Ear Contributing to the Grain Yield Responses of Prolific Maize at High and Low Plant Populations

Subapical ears are largely responsible for grain yield variations in prolific maize (Zea mays L.) grown under conditions favourable for the expression of prolificacy trait, but limited information exists on yield components contributing to yield responses. A field experiment was conducted to determine the yield components of apical and subapical ear in prolific maize after various pollination treatments at two plant populations. Hybrid Pioneer 3733 was grown in the perfect stands of 71 428 and 35 714 plants ha^?1. Three pollination treatments were carried out: (i) free pollination; (ii) subapical earshoots were covered to prevent pollination; and (iii) apical earshoots were covered to prevent pollination. Grain yields of free pollinated plants were by 50.1 % larger at low plant population (265 g per plant) than at high plant population (177 g per plant) due to a 45.3 % increase in kernels per plant, whereas 1000‐kernel weight slightly increased by 3.3 %. These increased kernels per plant at low plant population were, in part, the result of kernel increments on apical ear (10.1 %), and mainly associated with kernels from subapical ears that did not occur at high plant population. At low plant population, the total grain yield per plant was reduced by 94 g (35.5 %) after the apical ear was bagged to prevent pollination, but only 52 g (19.6 %) when the subapical ear was bagged. When subapical ear development was stopped at low plant population, grain yield on apical ears increased by only 3.9 % as a result of heavier 1000‐kernel weights, clearly demonstrating limitations in kernel set and size. After grain development on apical ear was prevented, subapical ear enlarged to 80.3 % of maximum apical ear yield because the former had, on average, 2.5 % lighter 1000‐kernel weight and 17.5 % fewer kernels than the latter. Ears did not differ in row number when only apical or subapical ear was developed on plant, whereas subapical ears tended to have fewer rows than apical ears when both were present on the same plant. Our results showed that: (i) plant population affected all yield components on both apical and subapical ear except row number; (ii) the occurrence of subapical ear is triggered by achieving maximum potential kernel set on apical ear; and (iii) subapical ear is inferior in potential grain yield to apical one even when the latter was prevented from pollination.     

玉米灌浆期果穗不同部位籽粒碳水化合物积累与淀粉合成相关酶活性变化

玉米果穗顶部籽粒通常较中、下部籽粒充实差,粒重轻,其机制不清楚。本研究旨在探明玉米果穗不同部位籽粒淀粉合成相关酶活性变化及其与籽粒灌浆的关系。以玉米品种登海11为材料,分别进行春播和夏播试验,观察果穗不同部位籽粒中可溶性糖、蔗糖和淀粉的含量及淀粉合成相关酶活性变化。结果显示,与夏播玉米相比,春播玉米具有较多的每穗粒数、较高的百粒重和产量。虽然产量在春播和夏播间有差异,但两季玉米籽粒的最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率、百粒重、可溶性糖和蔗糖含量、最大淀粉积累速率、平均淀粉积累速率均表现为果穗下部籽粒中部籽粒上部籽粒。灌浆期果穗不同部位籽粒腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、淀粉合酶(St S)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性变化均呈单峰曲线,果穗上部籽粒AGPase、St S和SBE活性峰值和平均值均显著低于果穗中、下部籽粒。相关分析表明,淀粉积累速率、籽粒灌浆速率与AGPase、St S和SBE活性均呈极显著正相关。说明玉米果穗顶部籽粒较低的AGPase、St S和SBE活性是其灌浆较差、粒重较低的重要原因。春播玉米粒重较高,与其灌浆期较强的淀粉合成能力有关。     

14C-同化物在玉米果穗上的分布与籽粒败育关系

通过^14C-示踪方法，研究了在籽粒发育前期饲喂果穗叶后^14C-同化物在植株及果穗不同部位的分布。结果表明，果穗是灌浆期的主要库器官；^14C-同化物在果穗不同部位的分布不均一，在穗轴中^14C-同化物的分布呈现为基部〉中部〉上部，而在籽粒中则表现为中部〉基部〉上部。顶端穗轴中糖分含量不低于中部穗轴（P〉0．05），而败育粒中还原糖含量高于中部粒（P〈0．05）。因此认为，顶端的败育可能并非源于营养供应不足，而应归因于籽粒库活性不足。     

Reduction in kernel weight as a potential indirect selection criterion for wheat grain yield under terminal heat stress

Heat is an important abiotic stress during wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain‐filling in South Asia. A study was undertaken to determine effectiveness of selection for reduction in 1000‐kernel weight (TKWR) under heat stress to increase grain yield. Selection was made for low and high TKWR and selected progenies were evaluated in timely and late seeded trials at two locations in Nepal in 2003. One thousand kernel weight (TKW), biomass yield, grain yield, harvest index (HI), grain‐filling duration (GFD) and area under spot blotch progress curve per day (AUDPC/day) were examined. The low and high TKWR groups did not differ significantly for TKW, biomass yield, grain yield, HI, days to heading, GFD and AUDPC/day under timely seeding. However, low TKWR lines showed higher TKW, biomass yield, grain yield, HI, and GFD and lower AUDPC/day than the lines with high TKWR under late seeding. Realized heritability estimates for TKWR ranged from 0.68 to 0.85. The findings show that selection for low TKWR could be used as an indirect selection criterion to identify high grain yielding lines under terminal heat stress.     

Australian rice varieties vary in grain yield response to heat stress during reproductive and grain filling stages

Climate change may lead to an increase in both day and night time temperatures in rice (Oryza sativa L) growing regions, but the impact of such temperature increases on yields of Australian rice varieties is not known. We evaluated the biomass and grain yield response of eleven Australian rice varieties including long, medium and short grain types, and the Californian cultivar M205, to heat stress during the reproductive phase and grain filling stages. Heat stress (day/night = 35/25°C) was applied at one of three stages: from panicle exertion to anthesis (PE), from anthesis to 10 days after anthesis (EGF) and from 10–20 days after anthesis (LGF) periods after which the effect on biomass and grain yield was compared to control plants. When heat stress was applied at PE and early grain filling stages, mean grain yield losses across rice varieties were 83% and 53%, respectively, though significant genotype × heat stress treatment interactions were observed. Notably, three varieties—YRM 67, Koshihikari and Opus—appeared to possess greater tolerance to heat stress at these growth stages. A significant genotype × heat stress treatment interaction was also observed in the LGF treatment, where significant yield reductions were only observed in Opus (21% loss) and YRM 67 (25% loss). A lack of effect of heat stress on total grain yield in most varieties at late grain filling appeared to be due to late tiller grain yields which were either unaffected by the heat stress or increased significantly compared to control plants. While genetic variation for tolerance to heat stress across the three growth stages was observed, there was no rice genotype that was consistently tolerant (in terms of yield under stress) across all three heat stress treatments. In the absence of a genotype that showed broad heat stress tolerance during reproductive growth, we suggest screening of a wider pool of more diverse rice germplasm is warranted.     

Grain development and endoreduplication in maize and the impact of heat stress

The post-anthesis development of growing maize kernels is strongly affected by heat stress. The maize cultivar “Spezi” was used to quantify this effect in kernels from 14 days after flowering until maturity. Day/night temperature of control plants was 25/20°C. Stress of 40/25°C was given for seven days or continuously up to maturity. Kernels were analysed weekly for dry matter and extractable DNA. In addition the ploidy levels and the DNA content in intact cell nuclei were determined by flow cytometry. The dry matter reduction started immediately after heat treatment and reached, at maturity, 40% for temporary heat stress and 60% for permanent heat stress. The reduction of extractable DNA started later and was not as extensive. Endopolyploidy was found in all kernel tissues, namely embryo, endosperm and pericarp. In endosperm, 3C nuclei reached their maximum number at approximately 14–17 days, and cells with higher ploidy levels between 21 and 26 days after flowering. Later on 6C nuclei were dominant. The DNA content in intact cells of the endosperm reached a maximum 21 days after flowering. This maximum was lower for heat stress variants and decreased more rapidly. Heat stress can vary from year to year under field conditions. Since heat stress changes the ratio between embryo and endosperm DNA in the direction of a higher portion of embryo DNA at maturity, this has an influence on the measured content of GM DNA from GM pollen transfer into conventional maize fields.     

Effect of Heat Stress on the Photosynthetic Characteristics in Flag Leaves at the Grain‐Filling Stage of Different Heat‐Resistant Winter Wheat Varieties

Heat stress has become an increasingly important factor in limiting wheat yields. In northern China, high temperature (>30 °C) during the grain filling is one of the major constraints in increasing wheat productivity. We used two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars with different sensitivities to heat stress (Jimai 22 ‘JM22’, low sensitivity and Xinmai 26 ‘XM26’, high sensitivity) to study the various aspects of photosynthetic characteristics during the grain filling stage under heat stress. The results showed that photosynthesis rates (P_n) in flag leaves of XM26 decreased faster than in JM22 under heat stress during the grain‐filling stage. P_n decreased more rapidly under heat stress than without stress, by up to 69.9% and 59.3%, respectively, at 10 days following heat stress (10 DAS). This decline of P_n was not caused by heat‐induced stomatal limitation, but rather by a decline in Rubisco activity and a functional drop in photosystem II (PSII). After heat stress, the grain yield of JM22 decreased by 6.41%, but XM26 decreased by 11.43%, when compared with their respective controls. Heat stress also caused an alteration of mesophyll cell ultrastructure. Injury caused by heat stress to organelles in XM26 was more severe than JM22. Moreover, the JM22 cultivar showed some self‐repair capacity following heat stress injury. These results indicate that declines in photosynthetic performance caused by heat stress were cultivar‐dependent. Compared with XM26, the JM22 cultivar had superior heat stability in terms of PSII function and carboxylation activity, both of which are susceptible to heat stress.     

14C同化物在玉米果穗上的分布与籽粒败育关系

通过¹⁴C示踪方法，研究了在籽粒发育前期饲喂果穗叶后14C-同化物在植株及果穗不同部位的分布。结果表明，果穗是灌浆期的主要库器官；¹⁴C-同化物在果穗不同部位的分布不均一，在穗轴中¹⁴C-同化物的分布呈现为基部＞中部＞上部，而在籽粒中则表现为中部＞基部＞上部。顶端穗轴中糖分含量不低于中部穗轴(P>0.05)，而败育粒中还原糖含量高于中部粒(P<0.05)。因此认为，顶端的败育可能并非源于营养供应不足，而应归因于籽粒库活性不足。     

油菜素内酯对春玉米灌浆期叶片光合功能与产量的调控效应

以玉米品种"郑单958"为材料,在大田条件下,采用植物生长调节物质油菜素内酯(brassinolide,BR)对苞叶和穗位叶喷施处理,研究了BR对玉米穗位叶功能、籽粒灌浆及产量的调控作用。结果表明,灌浆期随生育进程,玉米穗位叶叶绿素含量、光合速率、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)、1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(Ru BPCase)以及蔗糖磷酸合酶和蔗糖合酶的活性均显著下降。同时,籽粒蔗糖含量显著降低,但淀粉含量和粒重均显著增加。与对照相比,BR处理显著增加玉米穗位叶叶绿素含量,提高光合速率,增强PEPCase、Ru BPCase、蔗糖磷酸合酶和蔗糖合酶的活性。BR处理显著增加籽粒蔗糖和淀粉积累,提高玉米籽粒干物质积累。在产量构成上,BR显著缩短秃尖长度,增加穗粒数和千粒重,显著提高产量。本研究说明,灌浆期喷施BR可提高玉米叶源的活性,延长叶片光合功能持续期,促进籽粒灌浆和物质积累,从而实现增产。     

Selection of wheat genotypes for biomass allocation to improve drought tolerance and carbon sequestration into soils

The biomass allocation pattern of plants to shoots and roots is a key in the cycle of elements such as carbon, water and nutrients with, for instance, the greatest allocations to roots fostering the transfer of atmospheric carbon to soils through photosynthesis. Several studies have investigated the root to shoot ratio (R:S) biomass of existing crops but variation within a crop species constitutes an important information gap for selecting genotypes aiming for increasing soil carbon stocks for climate change mitigation and food security. The objectives of this study were to evaluate agronomic performance and quantify biomass production and allocation between roots and shoots, in response to different soil water levels to select promising genotypes for breeding. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out using 100 genotypes including wheat and Triticale under drought‐stressed and non‐stressed conditions. The experiments were set‐up using a 10 × 10 alpha lattice design with two replications under water stress and non‐stress conditions. The following phenotypic traits were collected: number of days to heading (DTH), number of productive tillers per plant (NPT), plant height (PH), days to maturity (DTM), spike length (SL), kernels per spike (KPS), thousand kernel weight (TKW), root biomass (RB), shoot biomass (SB), root to shoot ratio (R:S) and grain yield (GY). There was significant (p < 0.05) variation for grain yield and biomass production because of genotypic variation. The highest grain yield of 247.3 g/m² was recorded in the genotype LM52 and the least was in genotype Sossognon with 30 g/m². Shoot biomass ranged from 830 g/m² (genotype Arenza) to 437 g/m² (LM57), whilst root biomass ranged between 603 g/m² for Triticale and 140 g/m² for LM15 across testing sites and water regimes. Triticale also recorded the highest R:S of 1.2, whilst the least was 0.30 for wheat genotype LM18. Overall, drought stress reduced total biomass production by 35% and R:S by 14%. Genotypic variation existed for all measured traits useful for improving drought tolerance, whilst the calculated R:S values can improve accuracy in estimating C sequestration potential of wheat. Wheat genotypes LM26, LM47, BW140, LM70, LM48, BW152, LM75, BW162, LM71 and BW141 were selected for further development based on their high total biomass production, grain yield potential and genetic diversity under drought stress.     

Comparison of Salt and Drought‐Stress Effects on Maize Growth and Yield Formation with Regard to Acid Invertase Activity in the Kernels

The long‐term effects of salt stress (11 dS m^?1) and drought stress (35 % WHC) were investigated for two maize genotypes, focusing on the relation between metabolic changes around the time of pollination and the impact on yield determinants at maturity. The relatively salt‐resistant hybrid Pioneer 3906 and the relatively drought‐resistant hybrid Fabregas were compared. The experiments were conducted in large plastic containers in a vegetation hall in two consecutive years (2011 and 2012). Plant height and leaf area were significantly reduced under both stress conditions. The transpiration rate was only slightly reduced under drought stress; but under salt stress, a significant reduction occurred 40–53 days after sowing. As a significant increase in sucrose concentrations was observed in the salt‐treated maize kernels 2 days after pollination, the availability of assimilates was not limiting and the plants could afford to save water by reduced stomatal opening. Although under both stress conditions the soluble acid invertase activity was reduced 2 days after pollination, concomitantly, an increase in hexose concentrations was observed. Thus, in these experiments, the delivery of hexoses by acid invertase activity did not limit kernel development. Differences in grain yield at maturity between salt and drought stress were most likely caused by salt‐specific effects (Na⁺ toxicity), Fabregas being more affected than Pioneer 3906.     

灌浆初期低温对春玉米产量构成的影响研究

旨在研究东北地区低温冷害对春玉米灌浆的影响,确定春玉米灌浆期间冷害影响农业气象指标。用人工气候室通过模拟自然低温（平均15℃、17℃、19℃）方法,对灌浆初期盆栽春玉米进行（3、5、7天）胁迫处理。结果表明：春玉米在灌浆初期经不同天数的低温处理后,穗粒数减少,穗粒重、百粒重和叶绿素降低,成熟期延迟,果穗秃尖长度和籽粒含水量增加,作物产量呈不同程度的下降。温度越低,持续时间越长,对玉米产量的影响越严重。其中在15℃低温下处理7天后,玉米产量下降最大,较对照穗粒重减少了32.4%,百粒重减少9.2%。可见,灌浆初期低温对春玉米产量结构影响最大的因素是结实率和籽粒干物质含量的双重降低。     

Seed Number and 100‐Seed Weight of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) Respond Differently to Low Soil Moisture in Genotypes Contrasting for Drought Tolerance

Water stress after flowering, one of the major factors limiting yields of pearl millet, affects both seed setting and grain filling and is a consequence of more/less water used prior to anthesis. However, whether genotypes have different sensitivities for seed setting and filling under drought, if exposed to similar stress intensity, is unclear. Experiments were conducted in two pairs of pearl millet genotypes, that is, PRLT2/89‐33 and H77/833‐2, 863B and 841B, contrasting for terminal drought tolerance, and two genotypes, ICMR 01046 and ICMR 01029 (IL‐QTLs), introgressed with a terminal drought tolerance QTL from PRLT2/89‐33 into H77/833‐2. Total seed weight, panicle number, 100‐seed weight, seed number and stover biomass were measured at different soil moistures and throughout grain filling. Sensitive H77/833‐2 had higher seed number and yield under well‐watered (WW) conditions than in PRLT2/89‐33 and IL‐QTLs. Upon increases in water stress intensity, H77/833‐2 suffered losses mostly in stover biomass (45 %) and seed number (60 %) at 0.3 FTSW whereas the biomass and seed number of PRLT2/89‐33 decreased little (20 % and 25 %). The 100‐seed weight of H77/833‐2 decreased only 20 % under stress. Tolerant 863B also maintained a higher seed number and biomass under water stress than 841B. Grain filling duration in PRLT2/89‐33 and IL‐QTLs was similar to that of H77/833‐2 under WW conditions but lasted longer than in H77833‐2 under water stress (WS). Similarly, seed growth of 863B was longer than 841B under WS. It is concluded that the higher seed yield of tolerant parents PRLT2/89‐33 and 863B, and of IL‐QTLs under WS was explained by the retention of a higher number of seeds than in sensitive lines, while the decrease in the 100‐seed weight was proportionally less than the decrease in seed number. Phenotype with lesser number and larger size of panicles and larger grain size, like genotypes PRLT2/89‐33 and 863B, withstood post‐anthesis water stress better. IL‐QTL inherited part of these characteristics, indicating a role for the terminal drought QTL in maintaining larger seed number and higher 100‐seed weight. The continuous stover biomass increase under WW in H77/833‐2, due to tillering, might indicate that tiller growth and grains are in competition for resources after anthesis, and this may relate to the relatively shorter grain‐filling period.     

Modification of the Sink/Source Relationships in Bread Wheat and its Influence on Grain Yield and Grain Protein Content*

Artificial manipulation of sink and source was carried out in several bread wheat varieties in order to study the variations in the pattern of storage products accumulation in the grain. In a first experiment, partial ablation of the laminae did not cause any significant variation in the yield components, while total elimination of the laminae resulted in a decreased fertility of the spikelets and in a lower kernel weight. The protein content of grain turned out to be a function of the amount of vegetative organs left in the different treatments, and ranged from 11.1 % in leafless plants to 16.5% in the control. The halving of the spikes led to a 14% increase in the size of the kernels, while the protein content per spike showed a 20 % drop in comparison to the control. Reduction of sink affected nitrogen accumulation to a lesser extent than carbohydrates storage in the grain. Reduction of sink induced remarkable increases in the protein fractions: gliadins +59%, glutelins +44%, insoluble residue +30%, non-proteic nitrogen +28%, albumins and globulins + 16%. The increase of GPC or of specific solubility classes did not influence significantly the quality of the flour evaluated by the Zeleny and Pelshenke indices. The presented data suggest some caution in adopting kernel size and GPC as main selection criteria in early generations. It seems more convenient to select for a prolonged grain filling period and for a higher biomass without increasing plant height.     

Application of natural plant extracts improves the tolerance against combined terminal heat and drought stresses in bread wheat

Drought and heat are among the main abiotic stresses causing severe damage to the cereal productivity when occur at reproductive stages. In this study, ten wheat cultivars were screened for combined heat and drought tolerance imposed at booting, heading, anthesis and post‐anthesis stages, and role of the foliage applied plant extracts was evaluated in improving the performance of differentially responding wheat cultivars under terminal heat and drought stresses. During both years, wheat crop was raised under ambient temperature and 70% water holding capacity (WHC) till leaf boot stage. The plant extracts (3% each) of sorghum, brassica, sunflower and moringa were foliage applied at booting, anthesis and post‐anthesis stage; and after one week of application of these plant extracts, combined heat and drought was imposed at each respective stage. Heat and drought stresses were imposed at each respective stage by placing pots in glass canopies with temperature of 4 ± 2°C above than the ambient temperature in combination with drought stress (35% WHC) until maturity. Combination of drought and heat stresses significantly reduced the performance of tested wheat cultivars; however, stress at the booting and heading stages was more damaging than the anthesis and post‐anthesis stages. Cultivars Mairaj‐2008 and Chakwal‐50 remained green with extended duration for grain filling, resulting in the maintenance of number of grains per spike and 100‐grain weight under stress conditions and thus had better grain yield and water‐use efficiency. However, in cultivars Fsd‐2008, and Shafaq‐2006, the combined imposition of drought and heat accelerated the grain filling rate with decrease in grain filling duration, grain weight and grain yield. Foliar application of all the plant extracts improved the wheat performance under terminal heat and drought stress; however, brassica extract was the most effective. This improvement in grain yield, water‐use efficiency and transpiration efficiency due to foliage applied plant extracts, under terminal heat and drought stress, was owing to better stay‐green character and accumulation of more soluble phenolics, which imparted stress tolerance as indicated by relatively stable grain weight and grain number. In crux, growing of stay‐green wheat cultivars with better grain filling and foliage application of plant extracts may help improving the performance of bread wheat under combined heat and drought stresses.     

山西省中晚熟区玉米穗部相关性状与收获期子粒含水率的多重分析

以山西省中晚熟区大面积推广、生育期基本相同的20个玉米品种为试验材料,对穗部相关性状与收获期子粒含水率进行相关性分析和通径分析。相关性分析结果表明,收获期子粒含水率与穗粗、轴粗、粒厚、苞叶总面积、收获时苞叶含水率呈极显著正相关,与粒宽呈显著正相关,与行粒数呈极显著负相关。通径分析结果表明,对收获期子粒含水率直接作用大小排列为穗行数>穗粗>苞叶含水率=粒厚>轴粗>行粒数>粒宽>穗长>苞叶总面积。因此,要选育收获期子粒含水率低的玉米新品种,应着重选育苞叶总面积小、收获时苞叶含水率低、穗粗与轴粗、子粒厚度薄、子粒宽度窄、行粒数多的基因型。     

Effects of Stem-injected Sucrose on Grain Production, Dry Matter Distribution, and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Field-grown Corn Plants

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of long-term exogenous sucrose supply on aspects of corn plant physiology and development during the grain filling period. Concentrated sucrose solution was supplied to corn ( Zea mays L.) stems by an injection technique. This injection technique delivered pressurized solutions through syringe needles sealed to the stem with latex. The pressure was applied to the syringe plunger with ceramic construction bricks. Solutions containing sucrose at 0, 150, and 300 g L⁻¹ were injected over a 32 day period encompassing the duration of the active grain filling period. The primary ears of plants injected with sucrose produced approximately 50% more kernels and 30% more grain weight than those injected with distilled water. The injected internode was also considerably heavier (56%) for plants receiving 300 g sucrose L⁻¹ than plants receiving distilled water. For all measured variables, plants injected with distilled water were either not different from or had larger values than the non-injected controls. After one week sucrose injection caused photo-synthetic inhibition (as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence) in the leaf just above the ear and the ear leaf, and this was more severe for plants receiving 300 g sucrose L⁻¹ than for those receiving 150 g sucrose L⁻¹. For sucrose injected plants, the increased size of the primary ear was concomitant with a large decrease in grain production by the secondary ear and an overall decrease in per plant grain production. These results suggest that the mechanisms for signalling between sinks (the primary and secondary ears) and the primary sink and the source (leaves) are different.     

不同熟期玉米不同粒位籽粒灌浆和脱水特性对密度的响应

研究密度对不同熟期玉米品种不同粒位的籽粒灌浆和脱水特性的调控效应,为陕北灌区春玉米密植高产机械粒收技术提供依据。于2018—2019年以中熟品种先玉335(Xianyu 335)和晚熟品种东单60(Dongdan 60)为材料,设置45,000(D1)、60,000(D2)、75,000(D3)、90,000(D4)株hm^–2四个种植密度,分析其不同粒位籽粒灌浆、脱水特性及其与气候因子的相关性。结果表明,密度的增加能显著提高不同熟期品种玉米籽粒产量,其中2018年2个品种均在D4处理下达到最高产量;2019年先玉335和东单60分别在D4和D3处理下达到最高产量,2年平均最高产量分别为18,739 kg hm^–2和17,111 kg hm^–2,较D1处理产量分别提高了32.2%和27.7%。随着种植密度的增加,不同粒位的籽粒灌浆速率降低,粒重减小,脱水速率加快。在D4种植密度下,先玉335下部和上部籽粒平均灌浆速率较东单60分别高0.08 g d^–1和0.04 g d^–1,粒重较东单60分别高3.6 g和1.6 g。生理成熟时不同粒位的籽粒含水率与吐丝到生理成熟间有效积温呈显著正相关,总脱水速率与灌浆速率相关性不显著。先玉335不同粒位的籽粒脱水速率快,且下部和上部籽粒平均脱水速率较东单60高0.006和0.005%℃d^–1。与下部籽粒比,上部籽粒灌浆速率低、灌浆期长、粒重小、后期脱水快、含水率达到28%和25%所需积温少。可见,2个品种籽粒灌浆和脱水特性对增密的响应其上部籽粒更敏感;与东单60相比,先玉335密植下籽粒灌浆速率高,粒重大,且后期脱水速率快。因此,选择中熟品种结合适宜增密能够实现陕北灌区玉米密植高产机械粒收生产。