集雨灌溉工程研究综述

集雨灌溉工程是对降雨进行收集、汇流,存储和进行节水灌溉的微型水利工程,主要解决农业生产缺水性问题.通过国内外集雨灌溉利用的研究和实践,较详细地阐述了集雨灌溉工程的主要研究内容:集水工程集雨面防渗材料的研究、蓄水工程中蓄水设施的防渗,水分蒸发处理,喷灌、滴灌、渗灌等灌溉技术.文章分析了目前集雨灌溉工程研究存在的问题并提出了发展研究方向.     

Evaluation of chemical disinfestants in reducing Verticillium dahliae conidia in irrigation water

Irrigation water disinfestation is an unexplored option for reducing Verticillium dahliae inoculum in water and consequently for more efficiently managing Verticillium wilts in Andalusia. We assessed Suppressive Efficacy (SE; water was infested and subsequently treated) and Preventive Efficacy (PE; previously treated water was subsequently inoculated) of OX-VIRIN^®, OX-AGUA AL 25^® and Deccoklor^® in reducing water infestations by V. dahliae conidia. Five concentrations of each disinfestant, the lowest three being recommended by the manufacturer, were tested in vitro against six V. dahliae isolates. Validation assays were carried out in experiments under natural environmental conditions in spring. The four highest concentrations of OX-VIRIN^® (0.8–51.2 mL L⁻¹), the three highest of OX-AGUA AL 25^® (46.4–417.5 μL L⁻¹) and the two highest of Deccoklor^® (0.375 and 3.75 mL L⁻¹), showed an in vitro-efficacy (SE and PE) of 96.2, 80.0 and 100.0% after 30, 5 to 30 and 15 days respectively. Therefore, recommended concentrations for OX-VIRIN^® and OX-AGUA AL 25^® showed a greater in vitro-effectiveness than those recommended for Deccoklor^®. Assays in natural environmental conditions proved that OX-VIRIN^® at the recommended concentration of 3.2-mL L⁻¹, applied every 28 days to water, was the most effective treatment (SE and PE), with a 100% reduction of the average relative viability after 56 days. Other chemical treatments showing high in vitro-efficacy, such as OX-VIRIN^® at 0.8 mL L⁻¹ and OX-AGUA AL 25^® at 46.4 μL L⁻¹ showed an SE of 99.9% after 14 and 28 days when applied every 28 and 14 days, respectively. However, PE of OX-AGUA AL 25^® at 46.4 μL L⁻¹ was only 59 and 38% after 28 and 14 days respectively, depending on the experiment.     

Incubation success and habitat selection of shore‐spawning kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka: effects of water‐level regulation and habitat characteristics

Changes to water‐level regimes have been known to restructure fish assemblages and interfere with the population dynamics of both littoral and pelagic species. The effect of altered water‐level regimes on shore‐spawning kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka incubation success was evaluated using a comprehensive in situ study in Lake Pend Oreille, ID, USA. Survival was not related to substrate size composition or depth, indicating that shore‐spawning kokanee do not currently receive a substrate‐mediated survival benefit from higher winter water levels. Substrate composition also did not differ among isobaths in the nearshore area. On average, the odds of an egg surviving to the preemergent stage were more than three times greater for sites in downwelling areas than those lacking downwelling. This study revealed that shoreline spawning habitat is not as limited as previously thought. Downwelling areas appear to contribute substantially to shore‐spawning kokanee recruitment. This research illustrates the value of rigorous in situ studies both for testing potential mechanisms underlying population trends and providing insight into spawning habitat selection.     

基于支持向量机的农机装备水平差异分类研究

针对黑龙江垦区各农场农机装备水平不平衡差异问题,采用支持向量机多类分类和主成分分析相结合的方法进行研究。将农机装备水平分为3个等级水平,从总量、速度和均量3方面选取10个评价指标;采用主成分分析法确定5个主要合成指标;建立多类分类支持向量机新模型,把新模型转化成一个互补问题,利用Lagrangian隐函数进一步转化成一个强凸的无约束优化问题,采取快速牛顿算法进行求解;利用实证调研数据,从发展差异度的角度对黑龙江垦区98个农场农机装备水平的差异进行多指标分析,在分类的准确度和训练速度方面都有很好的表现。     

灌溉方式对大豆光合性状及土壤水分利用率的影响

设置均匀灌溉、固定隔沟灌溉、交替隔沟灌溉3种灌溉方式,分别在大豆开花期、结荚期和鼓粒期进行灌溉,每次单沟灌水量分为60、45和30 mm 3个水平,以不灌溉为对照,研究了灌溉方式对大豆光合特性的影响.结果表明:灌溉可极显著提高大豆叶片的光合速率和大豆产量,交替隔沟灌45 mm的R4期光合速率、产量与交替隔沟灌60 mm差异不显著,而且土壤水分利用效率最高,从节水增产增效角度分析,交替隔沟灌溉45 mm的灌溉方式最佳.     

统筹城乡背景下农机社会化服务的现状与实践—以成渝经济区为例

农机社会化服务是推动农业机械化发展的有效方式,新时期成渝经济区在统筹城乡社会经济发展背景下农机社会化服务正在进行着多元化的实践。为此,通过实证研究,分析了成渝经济区农机社会化服务的现状及作用,探讨了农机社会化服务与统筹城乡发展二者之间双向互动支撑的发展态势。同时,提出了促进成渝经济区农机社会化服务的针对性建议。     

各向同性人造板材料弹性模量测量及其标准差评价

弹性模量是衡量人造板材料力学性能的重要指标,用标准差法对其进行综合评价尤为必要,对其实测及方差分析具有较好的应用价值。采用三点弯曲静力法和悬臂梁自由端振动法,测定各向同性HDF、三合板和OSB试材的静弹性模量和动弹性模量。在实测数据分析中,为反映总体弹性模量实测值数据集的离散程度及落在样本统计值某一区内的概率,还确定了其置信区间,评价了置信度。结果表明:各向同性人造板材料的静弹性模量和动弹性模量测试结果一致,其置信区间越大,置信水平越高。     

太原经济技术开发区用地效益评价

通过对太原经济技术开发区的实际调查和对2002—2011年10 a间的相关统计及国家商务部历年发布的国家级经济技术开发区发展报告的信息进行分析,从开发区土地利用现状、年度建设用地供给、科工贸收入、工业总产值、GDP、税收收入、国内外资金利用等方面,综合评价了太原经济技术开发区的经济效益和用地效益。结果表明,该区独立运行10 a来成绩显著,整体效益逐步提高,在山西所有开发区中经济效益名列前茅,在全省经济技术开发区中每年的综合评价都名列第1;与国内中西部或中部的同类开发区相比,该区经济总量和单位面积产生的效益排名中后;与国内先进经济技术开发区相比,差距较大;该区内部分企业规模大、影响广泛,经济效益和用地效益均好,起到了带头和示范作用,但仍有部分企业规模小、投入水平低、建设周期长、产生效益低,影响了全区整体效益的发挥。建议开发区管委会引导入区企业加大投入,加快建设步伐,及早产生经济效益;尽快实施扩区计划,保证经济快速、健康发展;落实土地供给和退出政策,使有限的土地发挥更大的效益。