红壤不同含水量对尿素氨挥发的影响

根据第四纪红壤水分特征设计160、200、240、280、320、360g/kg6个土壤含水量处理,通过温室模拟,研究了红壤不同含水量对尿素氨挥发的影响。结果表明,等量尿素施入红壤后,氨挥发通量与土壤含水量之间无显著相关性,而高含水量(280、320、360g/kg)处理氨挥发通量峰值较低含水量(160、200g/kg)处理提前10天。氨挥发过程可分为快速-慢速2个阶段,氨累积挥发量(y)与对应时间(t)符合Elovish动力学方程(y=a blnt)。第1～10天,氨挥发累积量随红壤含水量的增加而递增;第11天后,以含水量为240g/kg处理的氨挥发累积N量最低。试验期间,氨挥发累积总N量,以含水量240g/kg时最低(0.90gN),含水量320g/kg时最高(1.16gN),分别占尿素施入N量的9.0%和11.6%。     

硫代硫酸铵对尿素氮形态转化的影响

通过模拟试验,研究了硫代硫酸铵(ATS)对土壤尿素态氮形态转化的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,ATS不仅抑制土壤脲酶的活性,增加土壤中尿素态氮的含量,还抑制了硝化作用的发生,减少硝态氮的生成量。特别当ATS达2.5mgg-1时,抑制效果更明显,大大提高了尿素的利用效率。     

不同处理方法改善桉木渗透性研究

采用3种方法处理尾叶桉,对尾叶桉木材气体渗透性进行了测定,探讨不同处理方法对木材渗透性影响及其作用机理。结果表明:尾叶桉木材因含有侵填体/树胶、导管壁上筛状纹孔影响木材渗透性,木材纵向渗透性大于横向渗透性。经真空、苯-乙醇、尿素处理后,木材渗透性均得到改善;但真空、苯-乙醇处理改善效果不明显,渗透性比未处理材提高幅度均未超过10%;尿素处理可显著改善尾叶桉木材渗透性,渗透性提高了18.91%~41.41%。     

反刍动物雪尿分析：3个指数在评价营养样状态中的比较及应用

基于以往的综述和研究性文章,本文对通过尿液分析评价反刍动物营养状态的3个指数进行了讨论和比较:相对于A:C比值而言,U:C比值不能够反映不同年份动物的营养限制情况,A:C比值和U:C比值均会因随机抽样的原因导致对动物营养状态的过高或过低估计,在一些物种中A:C比值不如PD:C灵敏。并对这些指数在今后研究中的应用进行了初步探讨。     

Azotemia in cats with feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Prevalence and relationships with echocardiographic variables

ObjectivesThe prevalence of renal azotemia in cats with acquired heart disease is not well documented. The aims of this study were therefore (1) to determine the prevalence of azotemia within a hospital population of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and (2) to evaluate the relationship between echocardiographic variables and plasma urea and creatinine.Animals, materials and methods134 client-owned cats were retrospectively studied including 102 cats with HCM and 32 control cats. A complete physical examination, electrocardiography, systolic arterial blood pressure measurement, thoracic radiographs, and echocardiography were performed. Plasma creatinine and urea were determined in all cats. The animal was considered azotemic if plasma creatinine was >1.8 mg/dL and/or urea >65 mg/dL (i.e. BUN> 30 mg/dL).ResultsThe prevalence of azotemia was lower in control cats (25.0%) than in cats with HCM (58.8%) (P = 0.003). No significant differences in plasma urea and creatinine were observed between the HCM and control cats. There was no effect of plasma creatinine and urea on conventional echocardiographic variables in cats with HCM.ConclusionsAzotemia is a frequent finding in cats with HCM but is not dependent on echocardiographic variables.     

Improvement mechanism of bondability in UF-bonded reed and wheat straw boards by silane coupling agent and extraction treatments

The effects of silane coupling agents and extractives on the wettability of reed and wheat straws were investigated. The inherent wettability of these materials was low but could be significantly improved by treating with silane coupling agents. The degree of improvement achieved by each silane coupling agent was different: Vinyl silane had almost no effect on wettability, epoxide silane was found to be more effective for reed straw, and amino silane was better for wheat straw. The wettability of these materials could also be improved by ethanol-benzene extraction, which resulted in more improvement in wheat straw than reed straw. The analyses of untreated reed and wheat straws by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) revealed that there was much silicon on both the outer and inner surfaces of the former but only on the outer surface of the latter. The influence of hot-water extractives and silane coupling agents on the gelation time and pH of urea formaldehyde (UF) resin was also examined. The addition of extractives was found to increase the gelation time. Amino silane greatly retarded the gelation of OF resin, whereas epoxide and vinyl silanes had no influence on resin gelation. This retardation was found to be due to an increase in the pH of the resin.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from an irrigated sandy-clay loam cropped to maize and wheat

 Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were measured from an irrigated sandy-clay loam cropped to maize and wheat, each receiving urea at 100 kg N ha^–1. During the maize season (24 August–26 October), N₂O emissions ranged between –0.94 and 1.53 g N ha^–1 h^–1 with peaks during different irrigation cycles (four) ranging between 0.08 and 1.53 g N ha^–1 h^–1. N₂O sink activity during the maize season was recorded on 10 of the 29 sampling occasions and ranged between 0.18 and 0.94 g N ha^–1 h^–1. N₂O emissions during the wheat season (22 November–20 April) varied between –0.85 and 3.27 g N ha^–1 h^–1, whereas peaks during different irrigation cycles (six) were in the range of 0.05–3.27 g N ha^–1 h^–1. N₂O sink activity was recorded on 14 of the 41 samplings during the wheat season and ranged between 0.01 and 0.87 g N ha^–1 h^–1. Total N₂O emissions were 0.16 and 0.49 kg N ha^–1, whereas the total N₂O sink activity was 0.04 and 0.06 kg N ha^–1 during the maize and wheat seasons, respectively. N₂O emissions under maize were significantly correlated with denitrification rate and soil NO₃ ^–-N but not with soil NH₄ ⁺-N or soil temperature. Under wheat, however, N₂O emissions showed a strong correlation with soil NH₄ ⁺-N, soil NO₃ ^–-N and soil temperature but not with the denitrification rate. Under either crop, N₂O emissions did not show a significant relationship with water-filled pore space or soil respiration. Received: 11 June 1997     

根区一次施氮提高水稻氮肥利用效率的效果和原理

我国水稻氮肥施用量大,农民习惯氮肥表面撒施,氮肥通过氨挥发以及径流等途径损失严重,造成经济损失和环境污染。农村劳动力缺乏,土地流转迅速,省时省力、节肥高效的施肥方式亟待探索和推广。大田条件下,在环太湖水稻高施氮区,比较常规氮肥用量下(225 kg/hm2)的农民习惯分次施用(40%︰30%︰30%分次施用)与根区一次施用(偏根系5 cm,土表下10 cm穴施)两种施肥方式对水稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明不种植水稻的前提下,习惯施氮处理表层土壤NH_4~+-N最高,自表层向下逐渐降低,各层养分均随时间推移而下降。根区一次施氮可显著提高施肥点周围土壤中的NH_4~+-N含量及其贮存时间,施肥后30,60和90 d,根区施氮处理NH_4~+-N最高值分别达到542.6、412.1和39.8 mg/kg。且根区一次施氮处理施肥点周围土壤高NH_4~+-N含量至少可保持60 d。种植水稻后,相对习惯分次施氮而言,根区一次施氮显著提高水稻分蘖数、各器官的氮含量、氮积累量及氮肥利用效率。根区一次施氮处理水稻氮积累量高达196.7 kg/hm2,相对习惯施氮增加34.9%。氮肥表观利用率分别达到59.8%(差值法)和42.5%(15N标记法),相对习惯施肥分别增加22.6和30.6个百分点。肥料氮损失由分次施用的73.0%下降到29.7%。根区一次施氮显著增加肥料养分在土壤中的贮存时间,降低肥料养分损失的风险,提高水稻氮肥利用效率,是一种节肥高效的施肥方式,值得进一步研发施肥机械和推广应用。     

尿素在草甸褐土中分解转化特征及影响因素的研究

采用好气培养法对２０℃和３５℃两种培养温度下,尿素和尿素混施ＤＣＤ在草甸褐土中的氮转化进行了研究,结果表明：草甸褐土的尿酶活性与硝化活力均较强,尿素施入土壤后即迅速水解,２ｄ时已水解１９．９９％～８５．０２％,ｄ水解９０％以上。转化生成的ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ,很快进行硝化作用,生成ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ并在土壤中积累。土壤氮的矿化随培养温度的升高和培养时间的延长明显增加,表明在温度较高、作物吸收能力弱的多雨季节     

腐—尿固相反应及腐尿型复混肥有效成分研究

研究表明:腐植酸-尿素固相混合于450℃～550℃周转干燥器中能发生化学反应,经:15～17min生成溶于水的腐植酸尿素复合物,其反应pH值增大,交换容量降低,羧基减少,水溶性腐植酸增高;腐尿型复混肥N有效率为97.58％,有效磷为101.27％,水溶性磷占有效磷60％,钾有效率为98％,水分≤5.28％。