辐射与低温水入渗对土壤水热变化规律的影响

【目的】研究辐射与低温水入渗条件下土壤水分和温度特性的变化规律,为进一步研究如何改善水库下游河岸带生态环境提供理论基础。【方法】以中细砂为代表性土样,利用自主研制的试验系统装置,设置3种辐射温度(无辐射、30和40℃),分析了在低温水入渗(水温10℃、入渗水头25cm)和不同辐射温度作用下土壤内部水分和温度的动态变化特性。【结果】砂土湿润锋的垂直距离和稳定入渗率随辐射温度的升高而增加。辐射热流增加,土壤表层温度升高,温度梯度增大,表面向内部的传热量增加,土壤内部温度升高;辐射温度为40℃时,土壤内部温度梯度大,且整体平均温度较无辐射时要高。有无辐射热流,低温水的入渗均会对土壤内部温度和水分分布产生影响,且土壤深层温度降幅较大。有辐射时,土壤表层温度明显高于无辐射。【结论】在低温水入渗条件下,辐射温度的变化对土壤水、热动态均会造成影响,其影响范围和强度因辐射温度的不同而存在差异。     

河套灌区参考作物蒸发蒸腾量估算方法研究

参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（ET₀）是计算作物需水量的基础,一般用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式（PM公式）计算。但是在河套灌区部分地区缺少辐射数据的观测,因而无法利用PM公式计算ET₀。本文选用河套灌区临河气象站1990—2012年的气象资料,分析了利用PM公式计算参考作物蒸发蒸腾量ET₀与气象要素的关系,发现对ET₀影响最大的气象因素为净辐射,其次为饱和水气压差和平均温度。建立了基于饱和水气压差、温度和风速的ET₀估算公式,验证结算显示相关系数、纳什效率系数和总量平衡系数分别为0.96、0.92、1.00。在风速缺测的条件下,也建立了基于饱和水汽压差和温度的ET₀估算公式。以上两个公式为河套灌区缺资料条件下ET₀的估算提供了简单且准确的估算方法。     

日光温室保温被卷放位置对温度环境的影响

温室保温被卷放位置影响着室内的太阳能得热及通过前屋面的散热,从而影响着温室温度。该研究以室外气象因子为模拟输入条件,分别模拟晴天、阴天不同保温被卷放位置对12 m跨度日光温室温度环境的影响。保温被卷放位置分别为保温被卷至前屋面一半与至顶2种方案。模拟结果显示：白天保温被卷至前屋面一半的室内空气温度高于保温被卷至屋顶的温度,而夜间2种方案室内空气温度差异不明显;晴天保温被卷至屋顶与卷至前屋面一半相比,可明显提高夜间墙体表面温度,但对后坡的夜间表面温度影响较小。该研究结果对温室生产中晴天、阴天保温被卷的合理放     

节能日光温室番茄长季节高产栽培研究初报

对日光温室番茄长季节栽培进行了品种筛选及施肥指标和环境调控的研究 ,筛选出适宜日光温室番茄长季节栽培的品种 4个 ,提出 6 6 7m2 产量 2 0 0 0 0kg番茄的复合肥和钾肥施肥指标及采用遮阳网、反光幕、防虫网、诱虫色板、膜下滴灌等环境调控技术和措施。     

太阳能热动力系统效率分析

通过对太阳能热动力系统"有效能"效率分析和讨论,提出了提高太阳能热动力系统效率的途径。     

Effects of Salinity and Soil–Drying on Radiation Use Efficiency,Water Productivity and Yield of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Drought and salinity reduce crop productivity especially in arid and semi‐arid regions, and finding a crop which produces yield under these adverse conditions is therefore very important. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is such a crop. Hence, a study was conducted in field lysimeters to investigate the effect of salinity and soil–drying on radiation use efficiency, yield and water productivity of quinoa. Quinoa was exposed to five salinity levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 dS m^?1) of irrigation water from flower initiation onwards. During the seed‐filling phase the five salinity levels were divided between two levels of irrigation, either full irrigation (FI; 95 % of field capacity) or non‐irrigated progressive drought (PD). The intercepted photosynthetically active radiation was hardly affected by salinity (8 % decrease at 40 dS m^?1) and did not differ significantly between FI and PD. Radiation use efficiency of dry matter was similar between salinity levels and between FI and PD. In line with this, no negative effect of severe salinity and soil–drying on total dry matter could be detected. Salinity levels between 20 and 40 dS m^?1 significantly reduced the seed yield by ca. 33 % compared with 0 dS m^?1 treatment owing to a 15–30 % reduction in seed number per m², whereas the seed yield of PD was 8 % less than FI. Consequently, nitrogen harvested in seed was decreased by salinity although the total N‐uptake was increased. Both salinity and drought increased the water productivity of dry matter. Increasing salinity from 20 to 40 dS m^?1 did not further decrease the seed number per m² and seed yield, which shows that quinoa (cv. Titicaca) acclimated to saline conditions when exposed to salinity levels between 20 and 40 dS m^?1.     

Differential Response of Southern US Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars to Ultraviolet‐B Radiation

Elevated ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B; between 290 and 320 nm) radiation, because of depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer, is one of the major environmental factors influencing plant metabolic processes and yield. The southern US rice cultivars contribute greatly towards US rice production, but the effects of elevated UV‐B radiation on these cultivars are not well known. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of elevated UV‐B radiation on leaf photosynthetic rate (P_n), membrane stability, pollen viability, phenolic concentration and yield of eight commercially popular southern US rice cultivars (five inbred cultivars and three hybrids). Plants were grown in a temperature‐controlled greenhouse in Beaumont, TX, USA, and were exposed to UV‐B radiation of 0, 8 or 16 kJ m^?2 day^?1 for 90 days. For most of the cultivars, plants grown under 8 or 16 kJ UV‐B radiation showed significant decreases in P_n, membrane stability, pollen viability, and yield compared with the plants grown under an UV‐B‐free environment, whereas there was a significant increase in leaf phenolic concentration under 16 kJ UV‐B radiation. The hybrid ‘Clearfield XL729’ performed best among the selected southern US rice cultivars under 16 kJ UV‐B radiation.     

新农村住宅中太阳能采暖研究

结合新农村住宅用综合能源价格法对太阳能地板采暖与常规热源进行经济效益对比,还对太阳能采暖进行节能效益分析、环保效益分析,得出太阳能采暖在新农村建设中值得推广的结论。     

浅谈低温地板辐射采暖的应用

低温热水地板辐射采暖是在埋设于地板内的加热盘管内循环低温热水,利用温水的散热量来加热采暖房间的地板,以房间的整个地板作为散热面,实现向房间辐射采暖的一种供暖方式。它具有舒适、节能、隔音、节省室内空间、使用寿命长等优点。     

吐鲁番市日光温室蔬菜不同种植模式水分利用效率调查

为明确吐鲁番市设施蔬菜水分高效利用的合理灌溉方式，调查了沟灌和滴灌对吐鲁番市日光温室早春茬哈密瓜、黄瓜、辣椒和番茄产量、效益和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：在吐鲁番市，滴灌哈密瓜每667 m² 产量比沟灌高100 kg，每667 m²纯收入多1 017.6 元；滴灌黄瓜、辣椒和番茄每667 m²产量和经济效益均稍低于沟灌；但滴灌哈密瓜、黄瓜、辣椒和番茄的水分利用效率和水分经济利用效率比沟灌高1～3 倍。综合考虑，滴灌是吐鲁番市日光温室蔬菜生产中应重点推广的灌溉方式。