Nitrogen fixation in six forage legumes in Mediterranean central Chile

Abstract

The contribution of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to the N nutrition of six annual forage legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), burr medic (Medicago polymorpha), balansa clover (Trifolium michelianum), Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum), yellow serradela (Ornithopus compressus), and pink serradela (Ornithopus sativus) was evaluated by the ¹⁵N natural abundance technique, using four grass species (Briza máxima, Bromus mollis, Hordeum berteroanum, Avena barbata) and two composite species (Leontodon leysseri and Hedipnois cretica) as reference plants. An additional objective was to determine whether alternative legume species to those in common use (T. subterraneum and M. polymorpha) in the area, could improve BNF. The field studies were conducted in two edaphic conditions, granitic (Entisol) and clay (Vertisol) soil, located in Cauquenes, VII Region, in the sub-humid Mediterranean zone of Chile. In the granitic soil the percentages of N derived from fixation were high in all species (74 to 94%); yellow serradela cv. Tauro presented the greatest N content in dry matter and N fixation, equivalent to 91 kg N ha^?1. In contrast, pink serradela cv. Cádiz and subterranean clover cv. Gosse presented the lowest N fixation. In the clay soil, under periodically waterlogged conditions, balansa clover cv. Paradana and persian clover cv. Prolific had high percentage values of BNF (>95%) and fixed more N (100.2 and 82.5 kg N ha^?1, respectively) than burr medic and subterranean clover cv. Gosse. The present study allowed the identification of new germplasm of high capacity of N fixation which is an additional criterion for selecting species for infertile and waterlogged soil conditions in the Mediterranean area of Chile.     

基于两种方法的四川水稻气候干旱风险评价对比

利用四川省159个站点1960-2010年逐日降水量、日平均气温资料和水稻生育期资料,分别将降水距平百分率、相对湿润度指数作为干旱指标,分析四川省水稻分蘖期、拔节-孕穗期和抽穗-扬花期不同气候干旱等级发生概率,构建水稻气候干旱灾害风险模型,评估四川省水稻分蘖期、拔节-孕穗期和抽穗-扬花期以及全生育期的气候干旱风险。结果表明,四川省水稻气候干旱风险较高的生育期主要是拔节-孕穗期和抽穗-扬花期,利用降水距平百分率和相对湿润度指数得到的风险区划结果存在一定差异,但其风险分布趋势相近。从水稻全生育期看,风险较高区域主要集中在四川盆地和四川西北部部分地区,川南地区发生干旱的概率较小。研究结果有利于降低干旱对水稻生产造成的损失,为水稻干旱评估和制定防灾减灾措施提供科学依据。     

Effects of NPK fertilizer combinations on yield and nitrogen balance in sorghum or pigeonpea on a vertisol in the semi-arid tropics

A long-term experiment was carried out on a Vertisol from 1986 to 1992 to examine the combined effects of NPK fertilizers on yield using sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. CSH 5) and short-duration pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. cv. ICPL 87). The fertilizer treatments were as follows: 0 (no fertilization), N (150 kg N ha^-1 ), P (65.5 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1), K (124.5 kg K₂O ha^-1), and all possible combinations (NP, NK, PK, and NPK). In this study we continued this experiment during the period 1993 to 1994 and analyzed the crop yield response to fertilizers and the N balance. The amount of N derived from the atmosphere and fertilizer was estimated by the ¹⁵N natural abundance method and ^l5N isotope dilution method, respectively. A combined application of Nand P fertilizers gave the highest grain yield for the two crops under the 8th and 9th continuous croppings, unlike the application of K fertilizer. The values of total N for the two crops were significantly higher in the NP and NPK plots. These crops took up N mainly from soil. There was a significant positive relationship between the uptake of N_dff and N_dfs by each crop. Pigeonpea or sorghum took up more N from the soil in the N fertilizer plots than in the plots without N, suggesting that soil N fertility was enhanced and the amount of N supplied from soil increased in the plots with consecutive application of N fertilizer for 7 y. Even pigeonpea, which fixes atmospheric N inherently, needed N fertilizer to achieve high grain yield, suggesting that N fixation by the nodules was not always sufficient to meet the N requirements of the crop under these conditions. Although fertilizer N exerted a beneficial effect on plant growth and yield in the two crops, the values of fertilizer N recovery (FNR) by the two crops were considerably low. Therefore, it is suggested that the development of N fertilizer management which could maximize FNR of each crop should be promoted.     

Uptake of 15 trace elements in arbuscular mycorrhizal marigold: Measured by the multitracer technique

The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization on the uptake of trace elements in marigold (Tagetes patula L.) was studied using a multitracer consisting of radionuclides of ⁷Be, ²²Na, ⁴⁶Sc, ⁵¹Cr, ⁵⁴Mn, ⁵⁹Fe, ⁵⁶Co, ⁶⁵Zn, ⁷⁴As, ⁷⁵Se, ⁸³Rb, ⁸⁵Sr, ⁸⁸Y, ⁸⁸Zr, and ^95mTc. Marigold plants were grown under controlled environmental conditions in sand culture either without mycorrhizas or in association with an AM fungus, Glomus etunicatum. The multitracer was applied to the pot, and plants were harvested at 7 and 21 d after tracer application. We found that the uptake of ⁷Be, ²²Na, ⁵¹Cr, ⁵⁹Fe, ⁶⁵Zn, and ^95mTc was higher in the mycorrhizal marigolds than in the non-mycorrhizal ones, while that of ⁴⁶Sc, ⁵⁶Co, ⁸³Rb, and ⁸⁵Sr was lower in the mycorrhizal marigolds than in the non-mycorrhizal ones. Thus, the multitracer technique enabled to analyze the uptake of various elements by plant simultaneously. It is suggested that this technique could be used to analyze the effects of AM colonization on the uptake of trace elements by plant.     

Linkage of N2O emissions to the abundance of soil ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers in purple soil under long-term fertilization

Abstract

Microbial nitrification and denitrification are responsible for the majority of soil nitrous (N₂O) emissions. In this study, N₂O emissions were measured and the abundance of ammonium oxidizers and denitrifiers were quantified in purple soil in a long-term fertilization experiment to explore their relationships. The average N₂O fluxes and abundance of the amoAgene in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria during the observed dry season were highest when treated with mixed nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (NPK) and a single N treatment (N) using NH₄HCO₃as the sole N source; lower values were obtained using organic manure with pig slurry and added NPK at a ratio of 40%:60% (OMNPK),organic manure with pig slurry (OM) and returning crop straw residue plus synthetic NH₄HCO₃fertilizer at a ratio of 15%:85% (SRNPK). The lowest N₂O fluxes were observed in the treatment that used crop straw residue(SR) and in the control with no fertilizer (CK). Soil NH₄⁺provides the substrate for nitrification generating N₂O as a byproduct. The N₂O flux was significantly correlated with the abundance of the amoA gene in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (r = 0.984, p < 0.001), which was the main driver of nitrification. During the wet season, soil nitrate (NO₃^?) and soil organic matter (SOC) were found positively correlated with N₂O emissions (r = 0.774, p = 0.041 and r = 0.827, p = 0.015, respectively). The nirS gene showed a similar trend with N₂O fluxes. These results show the relationship between the abundance of soil microbes and N₂O emissions and suggest that N₂O emissions during the dry season were due to nitrification, whereas in wet season, denitrification might dominate N₂O emission.     

Seasonal variations in natural 13C abundances in C3 and C4 plants collected in Thailand and the Philippines

Abstract

The natural ¹³C abundance (δ ¹³C) of plant leaves collected from fields in Thailand and the Philippines (Asian Monsoon tropics) was analyzed, and changes in the δ ¹³C values of C₃ and C₄ plants in wet and dry seasons were characterized. In Thailand, the δ ¹³C values of C₃ plants were ?29.2?±?1.04 (mean?±?standard deviation) ‰ in July and August (wet season) and ?28.6?±?1.05‰ in February and March (dry season): these values are not significantly different, whereas the values of C₄ plants were ?12.7?±?0.56‰ in the wet season and ?14.5?±?0.68‰ in the dry season (P?<?0.01, t-test). In the Philippines, where plants were collected only in October (late wet season), the δ ¹³C values of C₃ plants were ?29.5?±?1.28‰, whereas those of C₄ plants were ?12.6?±?1.11‰. These results suggest that under an Asian Monsoon climate, C₄ plants exhibit more negative δ ¹³C values in the dry season than in the wet season, whereas C₃ plants as a whole show no clear seasonal changes in δ ¹³C values.     

不同碳氮比对杨梅枝条堆肥养分含量和细菌群落变化的影响

为了研究不同碳氮比（C/N）对杨梅枝条发酵堆肥过程中养分和腐殖质组分的影响,探究C/N对堆肥发酵过程中细菌群落结构变化的影响。本研究设置三个C/N梯度分别为30:1,60:1,90:1进行杨梅枝条堆肥发酵实验。结果表明：全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）、全钾（TK）的含量随C/N增加而减少,有机质（OM）和胡敏素（HM）的含量随C/N增加而增加。TN、TK、胡敏酸（HA）和富里酸（FA）的含量随发酵时间而明显增加,OM和HM的含量随发酵时间而明显减少（p<0.05）;C/N与OM和TN呈极显著相关（p<0.01）。对堆体细菌群落进行16SrRNA测序分析研究发现,厚壁菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度随C/N增加而增加,变形菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度随C/N增加而减少;在高温阶段厚壁菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度明显高于其他阶段。通过Alpha多样性的Chaol、Faith’s PD、Pielou’s evenness、Shannon和Simpson等指标分析发现,不同C/N处理的细菌群落丰富度和多样性存在明显的差异。非度量多维度和典型对应分析表明,C/N对枝条发酵堆体细菌群落结构起着决定性的作用;TN、OM和温度也对枝条发酵堆体细菌群落结构有一定的影响。Mantel测试进一步表明,堆体细菌群落结构与C/N（r=0.321,p=0.001）、TN（r=0.265,p=0.003）和OM（r=0.278,p=0.002）之间存在显著的相关性。这些结果表明C/N对杨梅枝条堆肥养分含量和堆体细菌群落分布变化的起着关键性的作用。     

相对湿度对鸡孵化失重·胚胎成活率和尿囊液量的影响

[目的]研究鸡胚孵化过程中不同相对湿度对其孵化失重、受精蛋成活率及尿囊液量的影响。[方法]将120枚种蛋分别在相对湿度60%、65%和70%的条件下孵化12 d,研究不同相对湿度对孵化失重、胚胎成活率及尿囊液量的影响。[结果]随着相对湿度的升高,鸡种蛋失重及失重率逐渐降低,尿囊液量逐渐升高,其中相对湿度为70%的孵化组12日龄失重率最低,单位胚重生成的尿囊液量最多,而不同湿度对胚胎成活率几乎没有影响。[结论]将相对湿度控制在70%左右,能够有效减轻种蛋的失重,获得大量的尿囊液。     

一种与行驶速度无关的农机路径跟踪方法

针对智能农机自主作业中的路径跟踪控制问题,提出了一种与行驶速度无关的农机路径跟踪方法,该方法对农机行驶速度的变化具有鲁棒性。首先建立了空间参数驱动的非线性相对运动学模型,并证明了基于该模型进行控制方法设计的合理性和可行性。然后对此模型进行反馈线性化和最优控制设计,得到了一种与速度无关的农机路径跟踪控制律。最后进行了实车的路径跟踪实验,实验结果表明该方法的直线路径跟踪精度为4 cm,曲线路径跟踪精度为7 cm,且跟踪精度不受速度变化的影响,验证了该方法的有效性和对速度变化的鲁棒性。     

咸阳灌区冬小麦推荐施肥指标体系研究

【目的】建立陕西咸阳灌区冬小麦推荐施肥指标体系,为指导该区科学施肥提供参考。【方法】于2006-2009年,在陕西省咸阳市的秦都区、渭城区、武功县、兴平市、乾县、泾阳县和三原县共布置了112个冬小麦"3414"田间试验,即设置氮、磷、钾3个因素,每个因素4个水平,共14个处理。根据"3414"田间试验结果和冬小麦相对产量,划分了土壤养分含量的丰缺指标,然后对不同养分丰缺指标下的最佳推荐施肥量进行了计算。【结果】咸阳灌区冬小麦N、P2O5、K2O的平均农学效率分别为5.7,5.6和5.5kg/kg,增产率分别为25.1%,14.7%和7.9%,增产作用依次为氮肥磷肥钾肥,随着冬小麦相对产量水平的降低,肥料的增产率和肥料贡献率呈下降趋势,土壤贡献率呈上升趋势。建立的咸阳灌区冬小麦的土壤养分丰缺指标为,碱解氮:低(17~≤47mg/kg)、中(47~≤86mg/kg)、高(86~≤105mg/kg)、极高(105mg/kg);速效磷:低(1~≤8mg/kg)、中(8~≤28mg/kg)、高(28~≤41mg/kg)、极高(41mg/kg);速效钾:低(4~≤45mg/kg)、中(45~≤117mg/kg)、高(117~≤180mg/kg)、极高(180mg/kg)。构建了咸阳冬小麦氮、磷、钾肥推荐施肥量与土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量测定值之间的数学模型,当土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量的测定值为17~105,1~41和4~180mg/kg,氮、磷、钾推荐施肥量分别为407~69,220~67和216~66kg/hm2。【结论】成功构建了咸阳灌区冬小麦推荐施肥指标体系,为该地区冬小麦合理、科学施肥有一定参考价值。