磷矿周围环境镉污染情况调查研究

为掌握磷矿区周围镉污染情况,确保畜禽养殖生产安全,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对矿区周围环境中的水源、土壤、饲草和畜禽体内的镉污染程度展开调查。结果：矿区环境中土壤、地表水镉含量均超标;畜禽中牛肾脏、牛肠、牛肺脏、羊脾脏、羊肌肉镉含量超标。结论：磷矿周围环境以及饲养的牲畜存在较严重的镉污染,从公共卫生学角度应给予高度关注。     

A Comparison of Three Different Hydroponic Sub-systems (gravel bed, floating and nutrient film technique) in an Aquaponic Test System

Murray Cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii (Mitchell), and Green Oak lettuce, Lactuca sativa, were used to test for differences between three hydroponic subsystems, Gravel Bed, Floating Raft and Nutrient Film Technique (NFT), in a freshwater Aquaponic test system, where plant nutrients were supplied from fish wastes while plants stripped nutrients from the waste water before it was returned to the fish. The Murray Cod had FCR's and biomass gains that were statistically identical in all systems. Lettuce yields were good, and in terms of biomass gain and yield, followed the relationship Gravel bed > Floating > NFT, with significant differences seen between all treatments. The NFT treatment was significantly less efficient than the other two treatments in terms of nitrate removal (20% less efficient), whilst no significant difference was seen between any test treatments in terms of phosphate removal. In terms of dissolved oxygen, water replacement and conductivity, no significant differences were observed between any test treatments. Overall, results suggest that NFT hydroponic sub-systems are less efficient at both removing nutrients from fish culture water and producing plant biomass or yield than Gravel bed or Floating hydroponic sub-systems in an Aquaponic context. Aquaponic system designers need to take these differences into account when designing hydroponic components within aquaponic systems.     

Increased understanding of the cereal phytase complement for better mineral bio-availability and resource management

The present paper summarizes the current state of knowledge on cereal phytase that are particular relevant for improving mineral and phosphate bio-availability. Phytases can initiate the hydrolysis of phytate, the main storage form of phosphate in cereals and the major anti-nutritional factor for the bio-availability of micronutrients in human nutrition. The composition and levels of mature grain phytase activity (MGPA) in cereals is of central importance for efficient phytate hydrolysis. The MGPA varies considerably between species. Substantial activity is present in Triticeae tribe cereals like wheat, barley and rye whereas non-Triticeae cereals such as maize and rice have very little MGPA. Recent studies have determined the evolutionary relationships of phytases in Triticeae and non-Triticeae and highlighted the importance of the purple acid phosphatase phytases (PAPhys). In the Triticeae, PAPhys are synthesized during grain development (PAPhy_a) and during germination (PAPhy_b). In non-Triticeae species, only PAPhys that are mainly synthesized during germination were identified. The new knowledge provides new opportunities for modulating the MGPA in Triticeae cereals but also indicates that nutritionally relevant levels of MGPA are unlikely to be achieved in non-Triticeae by conventional breeding. Increasing MGPA in barley via cisgenesis is discussed.     

不同磷肥处理对西南丘陵区小麦/玉米间套体系中小麦生长动态的影响

[目的]研究不同磷肥处理对西南丘陵区小麦/玉米间套体系中小麦生长动态的影响。[方法]该试验采用田间区组试验,以小麦/玉米间套体系为对象,小麦、玉米分别设置5个供磷水平。[结果]小麦的分蘖数、株高、产量构成随着施磷量的增加均呈增加趋势,在施磷135 kg/hm2处理时达到最大值,随后再继续增施磷肥,无论分蘖数、株高还是产量构成数据均显著降低。[结论]磷肥的施用在一定范围内有助于小麦的生长,超出范围反而会影响最终产量。     

氮·磷·钾对红稗株高的影响

[目的]为了研究氮、磷、钾肥对红稗植株株高的影响.[方法]运用三因素二次回归饱和D-最优设计方案.[结果]氮、磷、钾肥对植株株高的影响为磷肥（X2）＜钾肥（X3）＜氮肥（X1）.从提高红稗植株株高的角度出发,应将磷肥作为首要因素考虑.通过主效应分析,得到纯氮45.45 kg/hm^2、纯磷62.55 kg/hm^2、纯钾52.65 kg,/hm^2时,株高分别达到最大值,即（y）（x1,0,0）=83.34 cm,y（0.x2.0）=83.87cm,（y）（0,0,x3）=83.48 cm.[结论]当植株株高达到最高值时,氮、磷、钾肥的最佳组合分别为45.30、61.65、50.85 kg/hm^2.     

不同氮磷施用量对旅游景观草坪质量的影响

以旅游景观草坪早熟禾为试材,研究了不同氮磷施用量对坪用质量的影响,结果表明:施用氮磷肥可以提高草坪的分蘖密度,施肥量为41.90 kg/hm2时显著高于对照;草坪盖度在7、9、10月份41.90 kg/hm2处理最高,显著高于对照,6、8月份达到90%以上;7~10月份41.90 kg/hm2处理株高显著高于对照,7、8、10月37.71 kg/hm2处理与对照之间无显著差异;6~9月份41.90 kg/hm2处理总叶绿素含量最高,显著高于对照,37.71 kg/hm2处理与对照之间无显著差异;6~7月份41.90 kg/hm2处理叶片宽度显著高于对照,其余月份与对照之间无显著差异。综合分析认为,旅游景观草坪氮磷施用量以41.90 kg/hm2为宜。     

黑土区高效溶磷真菌筛选及其溶解磷矿粉效果的研究

黑土区高效溶P真菌筛选及其溶解磷矿粉效果的试验结果表明 ,溶P真菌溶P效果高于溶P细菌 ,且其溶P性状稳定。曲霉菌“P39”、“P37”和青霉菌“P6 6”、“P1”溶P效果高于其他供试菌 ,菌株之间溶P活性与培养液pH值和有机酸含量间不存在必然相关性 ,推测不同菌株间溶P活性差异与菌株产生的有机酸种类和数量有关     

对磷钾肥利用率和需用量计算探讨

P、K肥当季习惯利用率不考虑肥料与土壤养分的交换利用量,以无肥对照为基数,把利用率估算过低。原需肥量计算公式纯粹是利用率不妥计算的逆运算。应该从长期施肥效应考虑,残留P、K量也可交换利用及再利用。因此速效磷P、K肥平衡最佳需要量等于带出量除以总回收率。引用资料初步验证表明新算法成立,且很合理适用。     

The effects of long-term conservation tillage, crop residues and P fertilizer on soil conditions and responses of summer and winter crops on an Andosol in Japan

A field experiment was conducted from 1983 to 1992 in Tsukuba, Japan to investigate the effects of tillage on soil conditions and crop growth in a light-colored Andosol. Three tillage methods (NT: no-tillage, RT: no-tillage for summer cropping and moldboard plowing for winter cropping, and CT: conventional rotary tillage to a depth of 15 cm) were employed in combination with crop residue application (+R, −R) and fused magnesium phosphate (FMP) fertilization (+P, −P). Under the combination of NT and +R, diurnal variation of soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm was smaller during the summer cropping season and soil temperature in the daytime was lower during the winter cropping season than under CT. Soil inorganic N concentration at a depth of 0–30 cm was +R > −R and NT > RT > CT. The early growth of summer crops was accelerated under NT in comparison with CT, and yields were higher under NT and RT in comparison with CT. On the other hand, winter crop yields were significantly reduced under NT, while they were still higher under RT in comparison with CT. Yields were higher with +R and +P application, respectively, and these effects were more pronounced in winter cropping. The positive effect of FMP fertilization was greater in combination with NT, and that of residue treatment was greater in combination with RT and NT than with CT. In conclusion, the best tillage practice for Andosols on the Kanto Plain is RT, i.e. a combination of NT for summer cropping and CT for winter cropping. The application of NT for winter cropping is not recommended, although the application of phosphate and crop residues could reduce the risk of yield reduction, because of improved soil nutrient status and moderation of diurnal soil temperature.     

黄土性土壤在连续液流条件下吸附、解吸磷酸根的动力学研究

采用连续液流法研究了黄土性土壤吸附,解吸磷酸根的动力学性质。结果表明：（１）供试土壤对磷酸根的吸附,解吸扫速率可分为快,中,慢三种反应类型;（２）描述吸附,解吸反应的最优模型均为Ｅｌｏｖｉｃｈ方程,最差模型分别为一级反应方程及双常数方程,拟合差的模型对反应速率变化“敏感”,可用于反应类型划分和机理研究;（３）粘粒含量及代换量对吸附速率有著影响,游离铁对吸附速率,ＣａＣＯ３对较低温度下的吸附及较高温