超高压对草鱼肌肉超微结构与质构特性的影响

研究了等静超高压对草鱼肌肉超微结构与质构特性的影响，并与猪肌肉用对照。结果表明：１．加压处理的草鱼肌肉，其超微结构中出现较明显的变化，如肌原纤维中Ａ带和Ｉ带的细丝均被破坏，粗丝相互聚集，出现间隙，Ｚ线变粗，不连续，Ｈ带和Ｍ线消失等，但肌原纤维的外形仍保持完整。２加压处理的草鱼肌肉，其外观无显著变化，色泽稍白，略有汁液流出，但质构特性与处理前无明显差别。     

Poor maternal nutrition inhibits muscle development in ovine offspring

Background

Maternal over and restricted nutrition has negative consequences on the muscle of offspring by reducing muscle fiber number and altering regulators of muscle growth. To determine if over and restricted maternal nutrition affected muscle growth and gene and protein expression in offspring, 36 pregnant ewes were fed 60%, 100% or 140% of National Research Council requirements from d 31 ± 1.3 of gestation until parturition. Lambs from control-fed (CON), restricted-fed (RES) or over-fed (OVER) ewes were necropsied within 1 d of birth (n = 18) or maintained on a control diet for 3 mo (n = 15). Semitendinosus muscle was collected for immunohistochemistry, and protein and gene expression analysis.

Results

Compared with CON, muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) increased in RES (58%) and OVER (47%) lambs at 1 d of age (P < 0.01); however at 3 mo, CSA decreased 15% and 17% compared with CON, respectively (P < 0.01). Compared with CON, muscle lipid content was increased in OVER (212.4%) and RES (92.5%) at d 1 (P < 0.0001). Muscle lipid content was increased 36.1% in OVER and decreased 23.6% in RES compared with CON at 3 mo (P < 0.0001). At d 1, myostatin mRNA abundance in whole muscle tended to be greater in OVER (P = 0.07) than CON. Follistatin mRNA abundance increased in OVER (P = 0.04) and tended to increase in RES (P = 0.06) compared with CON at d 1. However, there was no difference in myostatin or follistatin protein expression (P > 0.3). Phosphorylated Akt (ser473) was increased in RES at 3 mo compared with CON (P = 0.006).

Conclusions

In conclusion, maternal over and restricted nutrient intake alters muscle lipid content and growth of offspring, possibly through altered gene and protein expression.     

Morphological and biochemical changes in the muscle of the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei during the molt cycle

Morphological changes and biochemical composition of abdominal muscles over the molt cycle were investigated in juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. Eight molt stages were characterized and clear uropod images are presented. Molt frequency was highly correlated with the age of the shrimp. Juvenile shrimps appeared to molt faster at one month of age (4.6 ± 0.5 days/cycle), slow to 11.8 ± 1.7 days/cycle at three months of age, and reach a long molt cycle at six months (17.2 ± 2.7 days/cycle). Myofiber cross-sectional images revealed specific morphological changes in abdominal muscle associated with each molt stage. Expanded fiber size was observed during intermolt stages. Water content and total soluble proteins were balanced throughout the molt cycle. Total DNA concentration increased in intermolt and premolt, while total RNA concentration remained stable except in late-premolt stages. SDS-PAGE analysis showed high levels of actin and myosin in postmolt, reaching a plateau in intermolt and declining in premolt. These results suggest the occurrence of muscle fiber rearrangement in both the premolt and postmolt stages. Abdominal muscle buildup occurs mostly during the intermolt stage.     

Role of leukotriene D4 in promoting proliferation of cultured human airway smooth muscle cells

AIM: To investigate whether leukotriene D₄(LTD₄) would stimulates proliferation of cultured human airway smooth muscle (ASMC). METHOD: Human ASMC were isolated and subcultured, varying concentration of LTD₄ were added to the media. Cell counts were obtained, -thymidine([³H]-TdR) incorporation and inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (IP₃) accumulation were measured. RESULTS: LTD₄(0.1nmol·L^-1~10 nmol·L^-1) increased cell number and also increased incorporation of[³H]-TdR and accumulation of IP₃ in a concentration dependent manner(P＜0.01). The latter response was blocked by phospholipase C inhibition with neomycin (1 μmoL·L^-1(P＜0.01). However, neomycin had no effect on the promitogenic action of LTD₄. CONCLUSION: LTD₄ stimulates proliferation of cultured human ASMC and may play a role in airway remodeling of asthma.     

肉鸡肌纤维与肉质关系研究

选用地方鸡种白耳鸡、泰和鸡、黄羽肉鸡康达尔 12 8cs、石岐杂鸡、快长肉鸡AA鸡cs、蛋用鸡罗曼褐cs和矮脚黄鸡 7个鸡种 (系 ) ,在同样条件下饲养到 13周龄进行品味、肌纤维等性状测定。结果表明 ,地方鸡种白耳鸡、矮脚黄鸡肉质最好 ,石岐杂鸡、康达尔黄鸡 12 8cs次之 ;罗曼褐cs、AA鸡cs、泰和鸡肉质较差。白肌纤维直径大于红肌纤维和中间型纤维直径 ,其所占比例与肉质呈负相关 ,白肌纤维比例愈高 ,肉质愈差。肌纤维直径与鸡的体重大小没有关系。肌纤维密度和直径共同影响肌肉的蛋白质含量 ,且与肉质呈负相关     

朗德鹅与皖西白鹅肌肉品质比较研究

对70日龄朗德鹅和皖西白鹅的肌肉品质进行研究。分别对朗德鹅和皖西白鹅的屠宰性能、肉常规品质和胸、腿肌纤维密度与肌纤维直径进行了测定。结果表明:10周龄朗德鹅肌肉的失水率、系水力和pH值差异不显著,各组朗德鹅胸肌与腿肌的肌直径大于各组皖西白鹅,且差异显著(P<0.05),而各组朗德鹅胸肌与腿肌的肌纤维密度低于各组皖西白鹅值,且差异显著(P<0.05)。结论:朗德鹅的肌肉品质明显优于皖西白鹅。     

远缘杂交鲫及其亲本的肌肉营养成分比较

远缘杂交鲫的肌肉营养成分如下:蛋白质含量17.98%,脂肪2.44%,水分77.50%,灰分1.06%,无氮浸出物为0.94%。其氨基酸组成有18种,总含量为17.46g/100g。将远缘杂交鲫肌肉的主要营养成分与其双亲进行了比较和评价。     

钙蛋白酶系统与相关信号途径对肌肉组织降解的调控

综述了钙蛋白酶系统(特别是钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白)、钙调磷酸酶-NFAT信号途径和p94-NFκB信号途径的特性及它们在肌肉组织降解中的作用,指出深入研究钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白、钙调磷酸酶-NFAT信号途径,以及p94-NFκB信号途径调控肌肉组织降解的分子机制将有助于揭示肌肉嫩化的深刻机理。     

旋毛虫肌幼虫总RNA提取方法研究初报

【研究目的】探索高质量的旋毛虫(Trichinella spiralis)肌幼虫总RNA提取方法;【方法】利用Trizol试剂采用三种方法提取旋毛虫肌幼虫总RNA。(1)液氮预冷的研钵中研磨新鲜虫体至样品快融化时,加入适量的Trizol,继续研磨至液状后转移到离心管中;(2)A将新分离的虫体放到-20℃预冷的研钵中,在研磨过程中不断地添加液氮以保持虫体冷冻,之后对冷冻状的样品粉末继续操作;B把液氮冻存的新鲜旋毛虫肌幼虫取出,放到-20℃预冷的研钵中重复A的操作;(3)新鲜虫体放入匀浆器中,加适量Trizol,在冰水混合物中研磨20分钟。虫体破碎后按Trizol说明书继续抽提。最后通过凝胶电泳和紫外吸收光度值检测。【结果】用液氮和Trizol结合的方法,使用新鲜样品提取旋毛虫肌幼虫总RNA,在纯度和得率上都较为理想;【结论】使用新鲜的样品,且液氮与裂解液结合,是获得高质量RNA的可行方法。     

从学生体质状况谈我校女生体育教学改革

本文以我校1983与1984两级入学时年龄为18岁的女生为研究对象,根据全国青少年体质测试细则进行了身体形态、机能和素质的12项指标的两年跟踪测试,并将各项测试数据同全国、江苏省高等学校同龄女生相应指标的均值进行了对比分析,以鉴别和评价我校女生体质状况。 对比结果表明,我校女生身体形态、机能和素质的12项指标,除心血管功能指标高于全国和江苏省高校均值外,其余指标一般低于全国和江苏省的均值水平。尤其是速度和爆发力两项素质差距较大。本文根据我校女生体质状况和以往教学情况,主要对女生体育教材体系的改革提出了建议,可供改进女生体育教学参考。