Differences in Major Ions Composition of Artificial Seawater from Aquarium Tanks at the New Jersey State Aquarium

Concentrations of major seawater ions were monitored in six aquarium tanks at the New Jersey State Aquarium over a three-year period. The ratios of these ions to chlorinity were compared to those in freshly prepared artificial seawater. The largest aquarium tank (Ocean Tank) exhibits statistically significant (p<0.01) relative enrichment of potassium, calcium and strontium, and relative depletion of magnesium and sulphate. The likely source of excess potassium is from potassium iodide added to prevent goiter in sharks. Based on the excess potassium, a total amount of 650 μmol/kg iodide added over the years was calculated for the Ocean Tank. The excess calcium observed in several tanks correlates with the presence of concrete or arbonaceous shells in these tanks. In Ocean Tank, a calcium leaching rate of 6.7 kg/month was calculated. Continuous formation of white carbonaceous precipitates serves as a sink for magnesium in Ocean Tank, and a magnesium removal rate of 5.1 kg/month was calculated. These and other results show that concentrations of major ions in artificial seawater aquaria are affected by leaching, precipitation and addition of food supplements, and these factors should be taken into account when preparing artificial seawater for aquarium tanks with long water residence time. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

盐碱对大鳞鳃血清渗透压、离子含量及鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的影响

通过室内毒理实验,研究了盐度、碱度以及盐碱交互作用对大鳞9E(Barbus capito)血清渗透压、血清离子(Na~+,K~+,CI~-、尿素氮)浓度和鳃丝Na~+/K~+ -ATP酶活力的影响.单因子实验中,随着含盐水平(8 g/L,10g/L、12g/L,14 g/L)的增大,大鳞鳃血清渗透压和血清离子(Na~+,K~+,Cl~-)浓度均显著升高(P<0.05),鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力先升高后降低,受体内外渗透压差的影响最显著(P<0.05).碱度的增大(19.05 mmol/L,30.20 mmol/L,47.86mmol/L,75.86 mmol/L)能引起血清K~+和尿素氮浓度显著升高(P<0.05),但对血清渗透压和鳃丝ATP酶活力无显著影响.在双因子实验中,盐碱交互升高会引起渗透压和血清离子(Na~+,CI~-、尿素氮)显著升高(P<0.05).方差分析结果表明,盐度、碱度及交互作用均对渗透压有显著影响,影响作用最大的是盐度,其次是碱度,交互作用最小.鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性先升高后降低,最高值出现在盐度10 g/L、碱度30.20 mmol/L的正交试验组.从实验结果可得出,大鳞鳃在盐度12g/L以下的水体中能生存,在盐碱共存的环境下,能耐受的上限为盐度10 g/L、碱度30.20mmol.本研究旨在掌握大鳞鳃的生存盐碱度范围,以期为该物种的增养殖生产提供基础依据.     

Lithium chloride solution as an extraction agent for soils

The author proposes the extraction of mobile (”︁available”) ions including heavy metals by means of a 0.4 M solution of LiCl. The accuracy and precision of the method are demonstrated and the results compared with the CaCl₂ and BaCl₂ extraction. The suspension pH of non-calcareous samples remains almost constant during LiCl-extraction but changes considerably with NH₄NO₃- and NH₄-acetate. The results of the LiCl- and the CaCl₂-extraction were closely correlated. The same was true for the relative cation distribution on the sorption complex compared to the BaCl₂-extraction. A series of arguments emphasize and substantiate the advantages of the use of neutral salts, especially LiCl, for extraction.     

膜下咸水滴灌水肥盐调控对棉花盐离子、养分吸收及干物质分配的影响

[目的]探索南疆地区膜下咸水滴灌条件下水肥盐调控管理模式.[方法]设置不同淡咸水混合比例(1 ∶ 0、4 ∶ 1和2 ∶ 3)和不同施氮量(400、300kg/hm2和200kg/hm2)组合方案,其中淡咸水混合比例1∶0、施氮量300 kg/hm2为对照,研究了膜下咸水滴灌水肥盐调控对棉花盐离子、养分吸收及干物质分配...     

富啡酸对潮褐土吸附重金属离子的影响

采用平衡吸附法,研究了不同浓度的富啡酸(FA)对土壤吸附重金属离子(Cu2 、Cd2 、Pb2 )的影响。结果表明,潮褐土对富啡酸的吸附作用很强;潮褐土对富啡酸的吸附随pH的升高先缓慢增大后迅速下降;潮褐土对重金属离子的吸附随pH的升高而增大,且在低pH值下,富啡酸促进潮褐土对Cu2 、Cd2 、Pb2 的吸附和Pb2 的次级吸附,抑制对Cu2 、Cd2 的次级吸附;在高pH值下,富啡酸抑制土壤对Cu2 的吸附和次级吸附,而促进Cd2 和Pb2 的吸附和次级吸附;在富啡酸浓度相同的条件下,潮褐土对重金属离子的吸附能力为:Pb2 >Cu2 >Cd2 。     

盐度对俄罗斯鲟幼鱼血清渗透压、离子含量及鳃丝 Na+/K+-ATP 酶活力的影响

研究了急性盐度胁迫对7月龄俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)幼鱼[体质量(86.1±18)g]鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力、血清渗透压和血清离子(Na+、K+、Cl-)的影响。结果表明:幼鱼从淡水直接转入盐度15、20、25水中,96h死亡率分别为72.22%、100%、100%,其他组(盐度0、5、10)无死亡。各盐度组96h血清渗透压、Na+、Cl-浓度随盐度升高而增加,且各盐度组显著高于对照组(P0.05),盐度15组最高,盐度5、10组间各指标不存在显著差异(P0.05)。盐度组血清K+离子在48h中较对照组均显著降低(P0.05),96h时有所回升但仍低于对照组,盐度15与盐度5、10相比血清K+离子有显著性差异(P0.05),盐度5、10之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。盐度组鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力呈先下降后上升变化,48h为最低,与对照组有显著性差异(P0.05),96h时盐度5、10组鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力与对照组及组间无显著差异(P0.05),盐度15与对照组及盐度5、10均有显著差异(P0.05)。96h幼鱼的等渗点为303.2mOsm·kg-1,相当于盐度10.06,而Na+及Cl-等离子点分别为146.1mmol·L-1和136.8mmol·L-1,分别相当于盐度9.02和8.95。与盐度15组相比,盐度10及其以下处理组各项检测指标变化幅度相对较小,在幼鱼渗透调节范围之内,盐度10中养殖15d后各项指标与淡水组差异较小,因此7月龄俄罗斯鲟幼鱼已具备在盐度10及以下的咸水中生活的能力,但不能耐受高于10的盐度。     

Sperm motility and seminal plasma characteristics in Barbus sharpeyi (Günther, 1874)

Spermatozoa concentration, ionic composition, osmolality, glucose and total protein contents of seminal plasma and sperm motility were determined in Barbus sharpeyi (Cyprinidae, Teleosotei). Spermatozoa concentration ranged from 9.77 to 20.20 × 10⁹ spermatozoa mL^?1. Osmolality (mOsmol kg^?1) and ionic contents (mM L^?1) of the seminal plasma were 274.5±9.0, 70.0±3.4 Na⁺, 28.8±0.9 K⁺, 101.7±3.1 Cl^?, 0.9±0.1 Mg²⁺ and 2.1±0.1 Ca²⁺ respectively. Total protein and glucose were 5.3±0.2 g L^?1 and 76.7±4.3 mM L^?1 respectively. Sperm motility was initiated in a hypo‐osmotic condition, composed of either an ionic (KCl or NaCl) or a non‐ionic (sucrose) activation medium. Duration of sperm motility was very short: <2 min after activation in distilled water. Percentage of motile spermatozoa was significantly higher in an activation medium containing NaCl compared with that of distilled water. An activating medium containing NaCl or KCl higher than 150 mM or sucrose higher than 275 mM totally inhibited the activation of sperm motility. Immediately after sperm activation, wave(s) propagated along the flagellum, but waves were restricted to the proximal part of the flagellum (close to the head) at 1 min post activation. Studied characteristics in the present study were compared with those of other cyprinids for understanding inter‐species differences.     

金属离子催化生物质热裂解规律及其对产物的影响

在红外辐射热裂解实验装置上研究了K^ 和Ca^2 催化纤维素热裂解规律及其对热裂解产物分布的影响。结果表明,中温条件下两种金属离子的催化作用主要都发生在固相中．仅有极少量进入液态或者气态产物空间,该特性为制取环保液体燃料提供了保证条件。从总体上讲,两种金属离子对热裂解过程的催化作用比较相似,在促进焦炭和气体产物生成的同时阻碍了生物油的产生。但是,经由催化脱水过程,生物油有机成分氧含量降低,品质得到了部分提高。分析其催化机理,K^ 有利于裂变和歧化反应,促进乙醇醛、乙醛以及低相对分子质量醇基、醛基、酮基化合物的生成;Ca^2 则强烈地影响单糖碎片的重整和异构化过程,促进呋喃类和杂环衍生物的生成。这一催化选择性为热裂解采用合适的条件和工艺,有目的地选取特定金属盐来优化产物的生成提供了基础。     

磺酸基聚松香苯甲酯的合成及其对金属离子的吸附

以浓硫酸为磺化剂,合成了磺酸基聚松香苯甲酯(SRBEP),测定了SRBEP中磺酸基(-SO3H)的含量,用红外光谱测定了合成树脂的结构,分别用静态吸附法和动态吸附法考察了SRBEP对金属离子Co2 、Cu2 、 Pb2 的吸附性能及其重复使用性.结果显示,在20 ℃时SRBEP的接枝率较高.该树脂能与Co2 、Cu2 、 Pb2 等金属离子络合,对Co2 、Pb2 的吸附比较明显,该树脂在重复使用6次后,相对保留率达80%以上,能用于金属离子的吸附分离.     

盐渍化土壤剖面盐分与养分分布特征及盐分迁移估算

针对盐渍化灌区土壤盐渍化问题,以内蒙古河套灌区下游乌拉特灌域为研究区,通过野外实测与室内试验分析结合,采用冗余分析法探讨了盐渍化改良耕地与荒地春季（4月）和秋季（10月）根层土壤（0～20 cm、20～40 cm）盐分离子与全盐、pH值、养分之间的相关关系,明确了其变化特征与数量关系,并估算了试验区改良耕地和荒地间1 m土体的盐分迁移量。结果表明,改良耕地与荒地土壤阴离子均以Cl^-为主,分别占阴离子总量的45.27%、58.78%,阳离子以Na⁺为主,分别占阳离子总量的60.67%、53.94%。荒地平均全盐含量超过7.0 g/kg,土壤盐渍化程度较重。冗余分析表明,改良耕地土壤全盐含量起主导作用的是SO■、Cl^-、Ca²⁺,荒地土壤全盐含量起主导作用的是Cl^-、Mg²⁺、Na⁺。土壤pH值变化与HCO^-₃有着密切的关系。改良耕地有效磷与Na⁺呈显著负相关（P<0...