河西走廊农地适度经营规模计量研究——基于578农户调查的研究

研究适度农地经营规模确定方法并合理确定河西走廊农地适度经营规模。运用生产函数模型对农户劳均经营规模和户均经营规模进行计量分析。研究结果:1)河西地区农业生产处于规模报酬递减阶段。2)在劳动力、资本和土地三大投入要素中,土地对产量的贡献最大。3)现有技术条件下,河西地区劳均最优规模和户均最优规模均远远大于现有规模。研究结论:加快土地流转和剩余劳动力转移促进农地规模经营。     

捕虱管蓟马生物学的初步研究

捕虱管蓟马是柑桔盾蚧卵和幼蚧的重要捕食性天敌。在广州地区各虫态均可越冬。该虫常在隐蔽场所活动和取食。种群数量在5月上旬有一显著的高峰(22.1头/叶),此后虫口数量就逐渐下降。在室内(平均气温22～27℃)条件下,完成一个世代需35.4天,产卵量为22.2±6.5粒。雌雄性比平均为3:1。成虫寿命雌17.4±5.6天,雄7.4±4.2天。雌成虫在室内平均一天能捕食褐圆蚧雌虫3.3头,或糠片蚧8.4头。当食料缺乏时,有自相残杀的习性。     

不同防治对策对柑桔糠片蚧种群的影响

1984—1987年在湖南桔园进行了综防对策、化防对策和自控(不采取任何人为的防治措施)等处理对柑桔主要害虫——糠片蚧种群影响的比较研究。综防区采用综合措施,刷洗主干,释放部分天敌,剪去蚧虫为害严重的枝条,冬季和夏季分别施用一次松脂合剂和矿油乳剂;化防区按常规每年喷药5—6次;结果表明:综防区全年虫口密度与化防区相近,两者均显著低于自控区;综防区糠片蚧蚜小蜂等寄生性天敌未受到明显的损害,捕食性蓟马、钝绥螨等捕食性天敌明显多于自控区;其它非生物致死因子对幼蚧的作用大于化防区,果实出口率自1986年起亦较化防区显著上升。自控区糠片蚧未得到控制,果实出口率较化防区降低13.3%—29.8%。化防区各种天敌的作用均显著下降,农药残留亦高。除自控区和化防区柑桔全爪螨为害较重外,其它害虫在各区的为害均处于较低的水平。文章还评价了在三种处理区致死因子对糠片蚧种群趋势指数的作用。     

豫西地区小尾寒羊的饲养方式及农户适度饲养规模的研究

本文采用典型调查法 ,就小尾寒羊在豫西地区的饲养方式及农户适度饲养规模进行了评定。结果表明 ,在海拔 40 0 m以下的丘陵地区或牧坡陡峭的山区宜采用舍饲 ,在丘陵和浅山区宜采用半舍饲的饲养方式。根据对比分析 ,豫西地区农户小尾寒羊的最佳饲养规模为每个劳动力可平均饲养成年母羊 4～ 6只 ,其年末最佳存栏量为 2～ 3只成年母羊     

雨生红球藻规模化培养工艺的构建与应用

针对雨生红球藻规模化培养中的工艺流程、生物污染、温度控制、溶氧解析和pH值稳定等问题,于2003年到2005年,在山东省潍坊地区,开展了雨生红球藻中试规模的论证研究。建立了可用于雨生红球藻规模化生产的3种不同类型的光生物反应器(柱式、管道、生物幕)和人工调节太阳能的温控车间,并构建了一套二步规模化培养工艺流程。结果表明,研究构建的培养模式降低了培养过程中的潜在风险,并大大提高了雨生红球藻虾青素含量。与传统培养方式相比,年培养天数大约提高了3倍。在每个批次培养中,细胞生长培养效率提高了至少1.75倍,虾青素累积培养所需时间缩短了40%,虾青素含量提高了4倍。总体来看,研究构建的新工艺比传统开放模式的生产效率有很大提高,全年共计提高了35倍。     

Testing the spatial significance of weed patterns in arable land using Mead's test

There is a need in weed science for statistical tests for patchiness and spatial pattern. The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of Mead’s test for detecting patterns in synthetic data and in real weed counts made in maize, and making a first assessment of its applicability in ecological studies on weeds. In an extension to Mead’s test, made here for the first time, we merge original quadrat count data into rectangular cells of m by n quadrats. Care was taken to rule out the effect of starting point on the test result. Using the synthetic data, we demonstrate the ability of the test to detect both patchiness and homogeneity as deviations from randomness. The first deviation results in right‐sided significance, and the second in left‐sided significance of the test. Analysis of the real weed patterns demonstrated patchiness at many scales for five of the six investigated species and lack of any deviation from randomness in the sixth: Taraxacum officinale. The latter was the only wind dispersing species in the dataset. No deviation towards homogeneity was found in any of the real weed species at any scale. All patchy patterns showed anisotropy, being elongated in the direction of field traffic. As it turns out, Mead’s test is well suited to detect departures from randomness in observed weed patterns and enhances the suite of diagnostic tools that can be employed by weed ecologists.     

Landscape patterns of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in southern Ohio hardwood forests

This study quantified nitrogen mineralization and nitrification potentials in soils of hardwood forests of southern Ohio at three spatial scales: (1) the regional scale, represented by four study areas of 90–120 ha separated by 3–65 km, (2) the local scale, represented by three contiguous watersheds within each study area, and (3) the topographic scale, represented by xeric, intermediate, and mesic sites within each watershed, as defined by a GIS-generated Integrated Moisture Index (IMI). Organic C, NO₃ pool size, net N mineralization, proportional nitrification, and net nitrification potentials all varied among study sites (i.e. at the regional scale). Using path analysis, we were able to construct scale-independent causal models explaining 30–35% of the variance in organic C and potential net N mineralization and 70% of the variance in potential net NO₃ production. Site- and scale-specific differences in geology and/or land use history among study sites were likely responsible for the variation not explained by the path analysis. At the local scale, there were significant variations in organic C and inorganic N pool sizes among watersheds within a study site in two of the four study sites. In addition, most parameters we measured varied significantly along the topographic gradient (i.e. with long-term soil moisture availability/IMI). Based on our results, scaling up models of nitrification from plot scale to the regional scale should be straightforward, whereas scaling up organic C storage and N mineralization will require incorporation of independent scaling paradigms at three (or more) spatial scales.     

Effects of landscape structure on nest predation in roadsides of a midwestern agroecosystem: a multiscale analysis

Nest predation is an important cause of mortality for many bird species, especially in grassland ecosystems where generalist predators have responded positively to human disturbance and landscape fragmentation. Our study evaluated the influence of the composition and configuration of the surrounding landscape on nest predation. Transects consisting of 10 artificial ground nests each were set up in 136 roadsides in six watersheds in south-central Iowa. Nest predation on individual roadside transects ranged from 0 to 100% and averaged 23%. The relationship of landscape structure within spatially-nested landscapes surrounding each roadside transect (within 200, 400, 800, 1200, and 1600 m of the transect line) to nest predation was evaluated by using multiple regression and canonical correlation analyses. The results of this multiscale landscape analysis demonstrated that predation on ground nests was affected by the surrounding landscape mosaic and that nest predators with different-sized home ranges and habitat affinities responded to landscapes in different ways. In general, wooded habitats were associated with greater nest predation, whereas herbaceous habitats (except alfalfa/pasture) either were associated with less nest predation or were not important. Different landscape variables were important at different spatial scales. Whereas some block-cover habitats such as woodland were important at all scales, others such as rowcrops and alfalfa/pasture were important at large scales. Some strip-cover habitats such as gravel roads and paved roads were important at small scales, but others such as wooded roadsides were important at all all scales. Most landscape metrics (e.g., mean patch size and edge density) were important at large scales. Our study demonstrated that the relationships between landscape structure and predator assemblages are complex, thus making efforts to enhance avian productivity in agricultural landscapes a difficult management goal.     

哈尔滨市规模住区人居环境实态研究

对照“金牌住区”七大特色目标,对哈尔滨市近年开发的规模住区人居环境进行深入调研,分析总结现状存在的共性特征和发展的优劣势,指出今后规模住区人居环境改进方向。