Longitudinal identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in dairy calves on a farm in Southern Xinjiang,China

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common species responsible for human and animals microsporidiasis. A total of 250 samples were collected weekly from 25 newborn dairy calves of a farm in Southern Xinjiang, China at one to ten weeks of age. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was identified and genotyped by nested PCR amplification and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region.The cumulative prevalence of E. bieneusi infection was 100% (25/25), and the average infection was 52.0% (130/250). The highest infection rate was recorded at six weeks of age (92.0%, 23/25), and no infection was observed at one and two weeks of age. Sequencing analysis showed nine E. bieneusi genotypes (J, EbpC, PigEBITS5, CHV4, CHC3, CS-9, KIN-1, CH5, and CAM5) were identified. The highest genetic polymorphism was observed at ten weeks of age. Genotype J was the predominant E. bieneusi genotype. Phylogenetic analysis clustered genotype J into Group 2 and other eight genotypes (EbpC, PigEBITS5, CHV4, CHC3, CS-9, KIN-1, CH5, and CAM5), detected in 22 (16.9%, 22/130) samples, into Group 1. Among the genotypes, EbpC, KIN-1, and J have been identified in humans. The highest E. bieneusi infection rate (57.9%, 124/214) was observed in fecal samples with formed feces with no diarrhea (p < 0.01), and high genetic polymorphism was observed in class I fecal samples. The presence of zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes in dairy calves suggests the possibility of transmitting zoonotic infections to humans. It provides the basic data on dynamic change of E. bieneusi in calves.     

G and P genotype profiles of rotavirus A field strains circulating in beef and dairy cattle herds in Brazil, 2006–2015

The aim of this retrospective study was to use RT-PCR and nucleotide sequencing analysis to determine the G (VP7 gene) and P (VP4 gene) genotypes of 155 Brazilian bovine rotavirus A (RVA) wild-type strains detected in diarrheic calves from all Brazilian geographical regions from 2006 to 2015. The RVA strains evaluated belonged to the G6, G10, P[5], and P[11] genotypes. The G6P[5] genotype was prevalent (65.5%; P < 0.05) in beef, and the G10P[11] (38.4%) and G6P[11] (30.8%) genotypes were more prevalent in dairy cattle herds. The Midwest was the region with the highest number of genotyped RVA strains, where the genotypes G6, P[5], and P[11] were identified. Genotype combination G6-IV/P[5]-IX, prevalent in beef herds, and G6-III/P[11]-III or G10-IV/P[11]-III, prevalent in dairy herds, were detected. In addition, for the first time in Brazil, we detected the P[5] and P[11] genotype RVA strains that belong to lineage II and VII, respectively.     

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of new Newcastle disease virus isolates from the mainland of China

Seventy-nine velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates were obtained from infected chicken flocks during the outbreaks of Newcastle disease (ND) in various regions of the mainland of China in 2006. The F gene fragment (535 bp, from nt 47 to 581 of the F gene) which codes the main functional region of the F protein was obtained by RT-PCR and sequenced. All sequences obtained in this study have been submitted to GenBank. All the isolates have the motif ¹¹²R-R-Q/R-K/R-R-F¹¹⁷ at the cleavage site of the fusion protein, which is typical of velogenic NDV isolates. For genotyping, a phylogenetic tree based on nucleotides 47–435 of the F gene was constructed, and the 79 isolates could be divided into two genotypes, namely VIId and III. Most of the isolates proved to be of genotype VIId; only two isolates were of genotype III. Genotype VIId NDV has been the predominant pathogen responsible for most Newcastle disease outbreaks in China. The proportion of isolates of genotype VIId NDV shows an increasing trend, according to studies on the molecular epidemiology of NDV in China from 2002 to 2006.     

西瓜离体再生高效基因型材料的筛选

为完善西瓜离体再生体系,以23种基因型材料的西瓜无菌苗子叶为试材,运用方差分析筛选高效基因型材料及芽诱导最适培养基。结果表明:基因型不同的材料,诱导效果有明显差异。筛选的再生高效基因型为鲁圆、三白、FW351、PM2和京母。鲁圆诱导效果最好,最高诱导率达到90.0%,与18种基因型材料的诱导差异达到了显著水平;三白、FW351、PM2和京母的诱导效果次之,诱导率分别为85.0%、82.5%、82.5%和80.0%。筛选的芽诱导最适培养基为MS+6-BA3.0mg/L。     

棉花三种杂种色素腺体性状的研究

对以（亚洲棉×比克氏棉）Ｆ１异源四倍体为母本,用海岛棉及陆地棉有色素腺体和无色素腺体不同类型做父本,杂交合成的种间三交种子叶色素腺体延缓发生性状进行了比较研究,结果表明：不同杂交组合在各不同组织器官上对比克氏棉子叶腺体延缓发生性状有明显差异,Ｇｌ２Ｇｌ２Ｇｌ３Ｇｌ３所产生的在三交种种子上有少量腺体,但包括花器在内的其它器官和组织均为有色素腺体类型;ｇｌ２ｇｌ２ｇｌ３ｇｌ３所产生的三交种种子和花器均无色素腺体,而植株也为少色素腺体类型。     

小麦籽粒蛋白质组分的变异及其与面粉品质的关系

为了探究小麦籽粒蛋白质组分的变异及其相对比例的变化对小麦籽粒品质的影响,在两个不同的小麦品质生态区,选用大面积推广的40个小麦品种(系)为材料,研究了小麦籽粒蛋白质各组分在基因型与环境间的变异,以及蛋白质组分与面粉品质的关系。结果表明,小麦籽粒蛋白质各组分含量在基因型间差异显著,而在环境间各组分含量的变异是一种非比例的增减,导致了籽粒蛋白质质量在环境间的显著差异。徐州点生态环境利于谷蛋白的合成,谷醇比显著大于南京点。在蛋白质各组分的关系中,清蛋白含量的增加降低了谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量,球蛋白含量的增加则降低了谷醇比,从而降低了沉淀值。蛋白质各组分含量及比例与面粉品质密切相关,是理想的品质微量评价指标。在高蛋白品种中,当谷醇比为1.3左右时,面粉面包烘烤品质较好。     

不同基因型麦糠对受体植物幼苗生长的化感效应

为了高效利用麦糠覆盖还田技术,采用室内生物检测的方法比较了7份不同基因型麦糠材料对生菜、马齿苋、谷子和玉米4种受体植物的化感效应。结果表明,不同基因型麦糠材料的化感作用与麦类作物的不同物种麦糠的化感作用平均表现均存在变异性和选择性。7份基因型麦糠对生菜、马齿苋、谷子和玉米幼苗总体表现为抑制作用,抑制率分别为51.0%～82.0%、17.0%～56.0%、11.0%～31.0%和2.0%～30.0%。麦糠材料抑制作用强弱顺序依次为:野生一粒小麦>法国黑麦>栽培二粒小麦>陕160>栽培一粒小麦>宁冬一号>野生二粒小麦;其中生物测试受体对麦糠的敏感性顺序依次为生菜>马齿苋>谷子>玉米。麦类作物中一粒小麦和二粒小麦抑制作用趋同,而黑麦和普通小麦抑制作用相近,但二粒小麦和现代小麦麦糠覆盖分别能促进谷子和玉米幼苗的生长。4类麦类物种麦糖总体表现为抑制作用,强弱顺序依次为:黑麦>一粒小麦>二粒小麦>普通小麦。对生菜、马齿苋、谷子和玉米4种受体植物的麦糠化感生物评价进行二次曲线回归分析发现,各测试材料的麦糠化感作用的影响因子之间均存在显著相关性,表明4个测试生物受体对不同基因型麦糠材料的化感作用及其4类麦类作物物种的麦糠化感作用平均表现均能准确地得到评价。     

晚粳稻籽粒中As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb等重金属含量的基因型与环境效应及其稳定性

选择籽粒Cd、Cr、As、Ni和Pb等重金属含量差异较大的12个晚粳稻基因型，种植于浙江省晚粳稻主产区嘉兴、湖州、杭州、宁波、绍兴等市的6个试点，研究籽粒中5种重金属含量的基因型与环境变异及其稳定性、籽粒和土壤有效态（DTPA提取态）Cd、Cr、As、Ni和Pb等重金属含量之间及与Fe、Zn含量之间的关系，以及土壤pH对籽粒重金属积累的影响。结果表明，环境、基因型及其互作效应对籽粒重金属含量的效应均达极显著水平，表明筛选和选育籽粒重金属含量低的品种以及通过农艺措施减少籽粒重金属含量是可能的。同时，籽粒中这5种重金属含量的稳定性因环境、基因型而有较大差异，且亦因重金属种类而异。因此，为降低籽粒重金属含量，应针对特定重金属污染的环境进行基因型选择，并同时考虑基因型籽粒重金属含量的稳定性。土壤pH不仅影响土壤重金属有效性及水稻籽粒中重金属积累量，还影响籽粒重金属积累的基因型与环境互作效应（即积累稳定性）。此外，土壤中一些重金属常发生复合污染，如Cd和Cr、As或Ni，Cr和As，Pb和As间表现为协同消长，Cd含量较高的稻米往往As和Pb含量也高，Cr和Ni含量以及As和Pb含量之间也呈正相关。