The importance of university campuses for the avian diversity of cities

In a world of increasing urban areas and their subsequent negative effect on biodiversity, university campuses arise as environmentally friendly designs that can help enhancing biodiversity. However, current information on the topic is mainly based on single-campus studies, taxonomic diversity variables (e.g., species richness), and specific geographic regions like Asia or North America. Multi-campus comparisons, studies on other components of biodiversity (e.g., functional or phylogenetic diversity) and biodiversity information from other regions of the world are needed to generalize the previous findings. In this study, we try to fill in these gaps by simultaneously investigating taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of bird communities on 15 university campuses of Spain, which is located within the Mediterranean hotspot of biodiversity where no previous study on this topic have been conducted. We compared campus areas with other randomly selected urban areas to test whether university campuses hold higher levels of bird diversity than non-campus areas. We also analyzed other environmental variables (e.g., green and building cover in and around campuses) to identify whether their influence in university campuses varies from other urban areas. Our results show that taxonomic diversity was higher within university campuses compared to other areas, but this pattern was not confirmed for functional and phylogenetic diversity. We found that grass cover, buildings, and the green area around the study areas have different associations with taxonomic, functional, or phylogenetic diversity respectively in campuses or non-campus areas. Our findings highlight the importance of university campuses for the conservation of Mediterranean urban biodiversity and support their use as relevant resources for promoting nature conservation among citizens.     

沿浦湾秋茄种植前后大型底栖动物生态位和功能群变化

基于沿浦湾2014年10月(秋季)和2016年10月(秋季)的潮间带大型底栖动物调查资料,运用生态位宽度、生态位重叠、功能群分类和冗余分析(RDA)等指标与方法,分析秋茄(Kandelia candel)种植前、后大型底栖动物的生态位、功能群变化。研究结果表明,秋茄种植后广生态位种和中生态位种物种数占比与种植前相比较均有所增加,窄生态位种物种数占比减少。种植前生态位重叠值最大的种对为大青弹涂鱼(Scartelaosgigas)和细螯虾(Leptochela gracilis)(0.94),种植后则分别为豆形拳蟹(Pyrhila pisum)和微黄镰玉螺(Lunatica gilva)(0.99)、堇拟沼螺(Assiminea violacea)和光滑河篮蛤(Potamocorbula laevis)(0.99)。种植后高、中潮带功能群多样性较种植前上升,而低潮带功能群多样性下降;种植后浮游生物食者(Pl)、植食者(Ph)和杂食者(Om)的密度较种植前均增加,而肉食者(Ca)的密度略有减少。秋茄种植前3个潮带之间无显著性差异(P0.05);秋茄种植后高潮带与低潮带,以及中潮带与低潮带均有显著性差异(P0.05)。冗余分析(RDA)得出,对大型底栖动物群落具有较大影响的因子由种植前的铅、镉和石油类变为种植后的锌、镉和砷。总之,苍南沿浦湾秋茄林种植对大型底栖动物生态位和功能群总体上具有积极的改善作用。     

Effects of nature sounds on the attention and physiological and psychological relaxation

This study aims to verify the effects of nature sounds on attention, and physiological and psychological relaxation. Twenty-six university students (mean age: 21.5 ± 1.9 years) participated in this study, and the experiment was conducted with one person at a time. A mixed sound of valley water and birds in a forest environment was used as the nature sound, and a road traffic sound was used as the urban sound (control). The participants performed the following steps: (1) closed their eyes and rested for 1 min; (2) opened their eyes and completed attention tasks while hearing nature or urban sounds for 1 min; (3) closed their eyes again and rested while hearing the same sound for 1 min. We used Harris and Harris grid for the attention task. We measured the participants’ oxy-hemoglobin concentration, heart rate variability, and heart rate for physiological evaluation, and used semantic differential method, and profile of mood states for psychological evaluation. As a result, ① There was no significant difference in the results of the attention task; however, the scores were slightly higher when hearing nature sound. ② The oxy-hemoglobin concentration and heart rate was lower, and parasympathetic nerve activity was enhanced when hearing nature sound than when hearing urban sound. ③ Once participants heard nature sound, they felt more comfortable, relaxed, and natural, and the negative mood state was lower, while the positive mood state was higher than urban sound. This suggests that hearing nature sounds may be an effective way to relieve stress in everyday life.     

不同氮肥处理下水稻功能叶片的多样性分析

以52份来自水稻种质资源库的水稻品种为材料,设正常施氮和不施氮两个处理,对供试品种的功能型叶片性状进行分析。结果表明,功能叶片形态特征受到品种基因型和外部施氮水平的共同影响和调控。供试材料在不同氮肥处理下,功能型叶片形态特征上存在丰富的遗传多样性。相关性分析表明,在不同处理条件下,倒一叶长与倒二叶长和倒三叶长均呈显著或极显著正相关;倒一叶宽与倒二叶宽和倒三叶宽均呈极显著正相关。通过主成分分析,在正常施氮和不施氮条件下分别获得3个主成分,累积贡献率分别达到94.5%和90.6%,通过对各品种进行综合评价,正常施氮条件下,排前5名的水稻材料分别为滇屯502、玉米稻、雅恢2115、谷梅3号和水源258;在不施氮条件下,排前5名的水稻材料分别为玉米稻、滇屯502、巴西稻、CDR22和谷梅3号。在水稻株型育种中,应注意利用具有丰富遗传多样性的种质资源,并在亲本选配时选择遗传距离较远且综合性状表现差异较大的种质材料。     

北京昌平区农业景观野生蜂多样性的时空动态分布

近年来,由于生境质量的下降和生境丧失,野生蜂多样性急剧下降,严重威胁传粉服务和农业的可持续发展。为揭示野生蜂在农业景观镶嵌体中的时空分布格局及不同生境对野生蜂保护的重要性,本研究于2016年4—9月采用网捕法调查了北京昌平农业景观4种主要生境类型(人工林、自然灌木林、荒草地和桃园)中的野生蜂,分析不同生境类型中野生蜂多样性及其时间动态变化特征。结果表明:野生蜂及其中的大体长蜂和独居蜂的物种数和个体数,以及中体长蜂的个体数均在自然灌木林中最高,人工林中小体长蜂个体数最多,野生蜂总个体数和总物种数均在桃园中最低。在不同月份,所有功能群野生蜂均在自然或半自然生境中最高,5月桃园中最低,原因可能与桃园中对地表杂草的集约化管理有关。多度最大的4个优势物种依次为黄胸彩带蜂、铜色隧蜂、黄芦蜂和隧淡脉隧蜂,其在生境间的时间动态特征不同。调查的4种生境均为野生蜂提供了可利用资源,但自然生境和半自然生境的作用更大;其中,自然灌木林维持了较多具有较高潜在传粉效率的中体长和大体长野生蜂,具有更高的保护价值。为了促进该地区农业景观中不同功能群野生蜂多样性及传粉服务,需提高生境类型的多样性,同时在野生蜂活动高峰季节采取低集约化的生境管理方式。     

Sustainable Aquaculture Products: Implications of Consumer Awareness and of Consumer Preferences for Promising Market Communication in Germany

Sustainability issues are becoming increasingly important in Western food consumption. This research aims at identifying ways to increase the market share of sustainable fish from aquaculture by analyzing consumer awareness and preferences for sustainable aquaculture products and by drawing conclusions on improving communication in the German market. An integrative research approach was used: it began with an inventory of sustainable seafood products on the German market, followed by qualitative and quantitative consumer research, and ending with a stakeholder workshop, which reflected on the research outcome with practitioners. Sustainability and country of origin proved to be of minor relevance to the vast majority of the consumers interviewed. Indeed, attributes such as freshness, taste, and price frequently ranked higher. Like most of the other consumers, the small consumer segment that is generally interested in sustainability issues of food also often lacks knowledge of fish farming and its products. Consequently, communication of sustainability in aquaculture is challenging, and the development of this market requires concerted actions along the whole value chain, with the retail sector as the main actor.     

奎屯市昆虫种类调查鉴定

对奎屯市昆虫资源进行了考察,共采集标本800余件,鉴定标本200件,分属10目、75科、144种,讨论了该地区的优势类群,其中,鞘翅目、鳞翅目、半翅目、膜翅目均是奎屯市的优势目,白星花金龟(Postosia brevitarsis Lewis)、榆长斑蚜(Tinocallis saltans)、春尺蠖(Apocheima cinerarius)、杨梦尼夜蛾(Orthosia incerta Hvfnagel)为优势种。     

籽粒苋的应用研究进展

对近10年国内外籽粒苋在饲料、食品、功能性食品和药品等方面的应用进行了归纳总结,发现目前对于籽粒苋的应用主要集中在饲料、食品的粗加工方面,其食用价值基本未开发,应加大籽粒苋在功能性和食品方面的应用,使其作为新型的食品资源加以开发利用。     

植物突变体库的作用及构建研究进展

发生突变的个体叫作突变体。突变体往往具有与野生型不同的表型,这样就为缺失组分的功能研究提供了有益的信息。主要介绍了植物突变体库的作用及构建方法,重点论述了自发突变体库、理化诱变突变体库及T-DNA插入突变体库的构建原理与特征,并对植物突变体库的研究前景进行了展望。     

磷酸法活性炭的三聚氰胺表面改性及其电化学性能研究

为了考察磷酸法活性炭作为双电层电容器电极材料的可行性,通过浸渍三聚氰胺后在500、700、900℃下热处理的方法对活性炭进行了表面改性,分别得到改性活性炭AC-N-500、AC-N-700、AC-N-900,考察不同热处理温度对活性炭表面氮元素结合状态的影响,及其对磷酸法活性炭作为双电层电容器电极材料的电化学性能的影响。采用氮气吸附、元素分析、X射线光电子能谱及电化学测试等方法分析表征活性炭的孔隙结构、元素组成、表面官能团存在形式以及电化学性能。结果表明:随着热处理温度的升高,改性活性炭氮元素含量逐渐下降,由AC-N-500的8.49%下降为AC-N-900的4.16%;三聚氰胺改性活性炭比表面积和总孔容明显降低。改性活性炭中氮元素主要以N-6(吡啶型)、N-5(吡咯型)、N-Q(季氮型)、N-X(氮氧型)4种形式存在;随着热处理温度的升高,N-6和N-5型官能团的比例略微减少并部分转变为N-Q。改性活性炭AC-N-700可制备出比电容达203 F/g(扫描电压1 m V/s)的活性炭电极材料,减小电极与电解液间的阻力有利于离子的渗入和电荷的传导,表明磷酸法活性炭具有作为双电层电容器电极材料的潜力。