不同混施钝化剂对水稻吸收累积Cd的影响

将石灰、赤泥和高岭土按不同比例混合(施用总量为4500kg hm-2)施加于Cd污染稻田土壤,根据混合比例不同设置CK(常规种植)、T1(1∶7∶4)、T2(3∶5∶4)、T3(4∶4∶4)和T4(6∶2∶4)共5个处理,探究不同混施钝化剂对水稻吸收累积Cd的影响。结果表明:4种混施处理能够显著降低土壤有效态Cd含量,较CK相比依次降低了28.0%、40.9%、43.4%和57.4%。4种混施处理能够不同程度地降低水稻各部位对Cd的吸收累积,籽粒的Cd含量依次降低47.1%、49.2%、55.5%和81.6%,T2、T3和T4处理水稻籽粒中Cd含量达到了食品安全国家标准(G B27622017,Cd≤0.2mg kg-1)。土壤有效态Cd含量与水稻根、茎、叶和籽粒中Cd含量的Pearson相关系数分别为0.826、0.709、0.778和0.532,均达到显著相关。不同处理根系富集系数依次为5.03、1.83、2.22、1.32和0.90,钝化处理显著降低了水稻根系对Cd的富集能力。各处理水稻产量以及籽粒K、Mg元素含量没有显著差异,T1到T4处理Ca元素含量依次增加。综合分析,T4处理对于降低土壤中有效态Cd含量以及水稻籽粒中Cd含量效果最佳,且没有降低水稻产量和与稻米品质密切相关的K、Mg和Ca元素含量。     

Controlling sprouting in potato tubers using ultraviolet-C irradiance

Legislation limiting the use of chlorpropham (CIPC), the major potato sprout suppressant, has led to a need for new technologies to extend storage life of tubers. Ultra violet C (UV-C) has been used postharvest to reduce disease incidence on many crops, yet its use and efficacy as a sprout suppressant has not been investigated. The aim of this project was to identify the optimum dose and treatment timing of UV-C treatment on potato tubers as an alternative method of sprout suppression to reduce the dependence on chemical sprout suppressants. Up to six potato cultivars over two seasons were treated with varying doses of UV-C ranging from 0 to 30 kJ m⁻² either at harvest or at first indication of dormancy break. The tubers were stored at 9 °C and sprout growth and incidence assessed. Treatment with moderate UV-C doses (5–20 kJ m⁻²) suppressed sprout length and sprout incidence in a range of cultivars. Periderm DNA damage and programmed cell death were not detected in response to any of the UV-C doses. The inactive ABA metabolite, ABA-GE, increased in response to 10 or 20 kJ m⁻² within 72 h of treatment. Multivariate analysis showed a negative relationship between ABA metabolites and sprout growth/incidence during storage. This study found that UV-C reduced sprout growth in potato with no deleterious effects on tuber quality. This suggests potential for further development as an alternative or supplement to conventional sprout suppressant technologies.     

鸡脚重性状的全基因组关联分析

鸡(Gallus gallus)脚重性状为鸡产业中的重要经济性状.为了揭示鸡脚重性状的遗传基础,寻找可用于鸡脚改良的分子标记,本研究以核心群京海黄鸡为实验动物,测定其脚重,利用简化基因组测序技术在整个基因组范围内检测与脚重相关的SNPs.共检测到16个与脚重相关的SNPs位点,其中13个集中分布在4号染色体上72.8～77.9 Mb区域;2个SNP位点rs475641139和rs475548810达到5％ Bonferroni全基因组显著水平(P＜5.5E-07),其余位点达到全基因组潜在显著水平(P＜1.1E-05).筛选每个SNP周围1 Mb区域内的基因,共找到9个可能的候选基因,并使用基因本体论(Gene Ontology,GO)数据库对9个候选基因的细胞组分、分子功能和参与的生物学进程进行了分析.结果表明二氢蝶啶还原酶(dihydropteridine deductase,QDPR)基因、LIM域结合蛋白2(LIM domain-binding protein 2,LDB2)基因、类184B家族(family with sequence similarity 184 memberB,FAM184B)基因、复合信号免疫球蛋白J结合蛋白(recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region,RBPJ)基因、纤维母细胞生长因子结合蛋白2(fibroblast growth factor-binding protein 2,FGFBP2)基因、富亮氨酸重复蛋白5(F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 5,FBXL5)基因、胆囊收缩素受体A(cholecystokinin receptor type A,CCK1R)基因、肌动蛋白互作蛋白1 (WD repeat containing protein 1,WDR1)基因和类桶状蛋白4(tubby like protein 4,TULP4)9个基因和4号染色体72.8～77.9 Mb区域可能为影响鸡脚重性状的重要候选基因和潜在功能区域.本研究为鸡脚重性状的标记辅助选择提供了理论依据.     

不同施钾方式对吉林省东部玉米钾素吸收积累的影响

旨在探讨超高产玉米钾肥的最佳施用时期和分配比例,为吉林省东部超高产玉米钾肥高效施用方式提供理论依据和技术支撑。通过田间试验的方法,在氮、磷、钾施用量相同的条件下探讨钾肥不同施用时期和分配比例,对玉米产量、钾素吸收积累及钾吸收利用效率的影响。结果表明:本试验条件下,吉林省东部玉米各处理之间产量基本达到差异性水平,最高产处理的产量为15535.6 kg/hm~2,其中3个处理达到了超高产水平,分别较不施钾处理增产30%以上。植株干物质积累量呈线性增长,钾素积累则呈现先增加后减少的趋势,并在灌浆期达到峰值,分析得出玉米在生育后期干物质积累的同时,钾素并不在植株体内大量储存,而是随时间延长逐渐淋失。产量最优处理的钾肥利用率、钾素吸收效率和钾肥偏生产力分别为66.9%、1.7 kg/kg和111.0 kg/kg,各指标均高于其他试验处理。即适宜的施钾方式可以有效提高植株各阶段营养器官的钾素吸收积累量,并使得生育后期植株各营养器官钾素分配比例达到最佳,从而获得较高的钾肥利用率、钾素吸收效率和钾肥偏生产力。在氮、磷、钾施用量一定的条件下(N 300 kg/hm~2、P2O5140 kg/hm~2和K_2O 140 kg/hm~2),吉林省东部超高产玉米钾肥最佳施用方式为:钾肥总量的75%作基肥,25%作大喇叭口期追肥,此时可获得较高的钾素利用效率和最高产量。     

Dry heat treatment of Andean lupin seed to reduce anthracnose infection

The potential of dry heat treatment of Andean lupin seed to reduce seed–borne infection of the anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum acutatum, was investigated. First, the effect of dry heat (65 °C) over duration times of 0–96 h on germination and disease incidence after germination was evaluated for artificially– and naturally–infected seed. Dry heat treatment from 8 to 96 h reduced disease incidence after germination to undetectable levels in four cultivars compared with 7.5% disease incidence after germination in seed maintained at room temperature. Moreover, heat treatments of 4–12 h showed seed germination rates that were equivalent to the non–treated control. Under greenhouse conditions, dry heat treatments for 8 or 12 h reduced transmission of the pathogen from seed by 75 or 85%, respectively and dry heat treatment increased emergence of seedlings in comparison the non-treated control. Dry heat treatment is an environmentally friendly alternative for reducing anthracnose infections in Andean lupin seed.     

不同生态环境下甘蔗组合的生长表现和适应性

以2017—2018年组配的119个甘蔗组合为材料,分别在广西的南宁、崇左、来宾同时开展组合评价试验,基于锤重性状进行联合方差分析和遗传参数估计,并采用回归分析和AMMI模型对组合进行稳定性分析。结果表明:不同的组合、环境及组合与环境互作在锤重间的差异均达到了极显著水平(P0.01);3个试验点锤重的广义遗传率均属于中等偏低水平;崇左、来宾试验点的锤重变异系数较大,南宁试验点的锤重变异系数较小;643、404、575、972、636、144、YC95、1470、755、409、701、832、YC37、579等组合表现出高产、稳产和适应性广的特性;结合锤重和组合入选率综合分析,组合449、YC127、796、YC44、533、570、YC123、391、546、403、YC90、252在南宁试验点的表现为锤重和组合入选率较高;组合643、212、YC61、432、903、YC95、YC44、368、YC83、YC127、YC112、701、411、YC90、YC123在崇左试验点的表现为锤重和组合入选率较高;组合643、404、449、144、403、YC48在来宾试验点的表现为锤重和组合入选率较高。     

富硒区茶树鲜叶中硒累积与土壤因子的相关性分析

茶树是富硒植物,饮用富硒茶是一种安全、有效的补硒途径之一。茶叶的硒含量受多种环境因素影响,但有关富硒茶区茶树硒积累特性及主要影响因子的研究还鲜有报道。以高硒茶区湖北恩施、陕西安康不同地点生产茶园成龄茶树和根际土壤为研究对象,结合土壤及植物样品全硒含量等多种指标,明确了根际土壤硒含量对茶树硒分布特性的影响,分析了富硒区土壤pH、硒含量等9个重要土壤特性相关因子的数值分布规律。通过对186组具有代表性的土壤样品和附生茶树新梢组织检测数据进行分组和整体相关性分析,证实了富硒区茶叶全硒含量与土壤硒含量之间存在极显著相关（相关系数r=0.59,P<0.01）,揭示了茶叶全硒含量与土壤有机质含量、水解性氮、锌含量以及茶叶中硫、锌含量的显著相关,同时对安康和恩施地区的土壤和茶叶硒含量相关因素进行了深入分析。提出了茶叶硒含量对土壤有机质含量、硫含量、硒含量和锌含量的数学模型,模型拟合优度为0.512 6,达极显著水平（P<0.01）。     

有机肥施用对红地球葡萄产量、品质及土壤环境的影响

【目的】明确有机肥施用对河北葡萄主产区高产优质红地球葡萄产量、品质及土壤环境的影响,为葡萄种植合理施用有机肥提供理论依据。【方法】以河北张家口市怀来县葡萄试验示范基地13年生红地球葡萄为试验材料,进行为期4年的田间试验。设置6个处理,分别为农民传统施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥9 t/hm^2 (M)、有机肥7.5 t/hm^2+化肥(M1NPK)、有机肥15 t/hm^2+化肥(M2NPK)、有机肥45 t/hm^2+化肥(M3NPK),采用常规方法测定葡萄产量、品质、重金属含量及果园土壤中硝态氮、微生物量碳和氮、重金属含量,并对葡萄园土壤重金属累积达到限量所需年限进行推算。【结果】施用有机肥处理葡萄产量均显著高于单施化肥(NPK),其中以中量有机肥+化肥处理(M2NPK)的产量最高,4年(2010-2013)平均产量为21503kg/hm^2,较农民传统施肥(CK)提高了14%;施用有机肥处理葡萄Vc含量比对照显著增加。各处理间葡萄百粒重、pH、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和固酸比差异不显著。收获后M2NPK处理0-20 cm和20-40 cm土壤硝态氮累积量下降,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量显著高于CK。连续4年施用有机肥后,葡萄果实及果园土壤的重金属含量(Cr、Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Cu、Zn)均未超标,但随着有机肥施用量的增加,葡萄及土壤中的重金属分别呈现线性和二次函数累积趋势。M3NPK处理土壤重金属含量较其他施用有机肥处理提前累积到限量水平。【结论】中量有机肥+化肥(M2NPK)处理葡萄的产量最高,品质最佳,而且降低了土壤硝态氮在各土层的累积,增加了土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量,且葡萄果实和果园土壤重金属含量未超标。高量有机肥处理不会进一步提高红地球葡萄的产量和品质,但快速增加果园土壤重金属累积。     

Effect of feeding different sources of selenium on growth performance and antioxidant status of broilers

ABSTRACT

1. This study was conducted to determine the effect of different sources of selenium (Se) on breast and liver tissue deposition, apparent metabolisable energy (AME), growth performance and antioxidant status of broilers, measured as Se content in liver and breast tissues and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in blood, when used in 0–35 d broiler chicken diets.

2. A total of 200 male Ross 308 broilers were used in the feeding trial, which comprised two dietary phases, a starter from 0 to 21 d and finisher from 21 to 35 d of age. Four treatments with 10 replications each were used. A control diet (C) was formulated that was sufficient in protein and energy (230 and 215 g/kg of crude protein and 12.67 and 13.11 MJ/kg of metabolisable energy, respectively), for both phases, but contained background Se only from the feed ingredients. Diet 2 (IS) was supplemented with 10.35 g/t inorganic, elemental source of Se. Diet 3 (SY) was supplemented with 136.36 g/t selenised yeast, an organic source derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Diet 4 (SS) was supplemented with 0.666 g/t sodium selenite, an inorganic source.

3. Birds fed the SY diet consumed less and weighed less than those fed IS or C (P < 0.05; 0–35 d of age), but there was no difference compared to birds fed SS diets. There were no differences in FCR or dietary AME between broilers fed different Se sources. All diets containing supplementary Se increased concentrations in the liver and breast muscle, and for GSH-Px levels in blood compared to birds fed the C diet (P < 0.001). Birds fed SY diets had greater Se levels in liver and breast tissues compared to birds fed any of the other diets (P < 0.001).

4. Diets supplemented with Se had variable effects on broiler growth performances and antioxidant status. Feeding Se from a yeast source has higher transfer into breast tissues. Feeding different sources and levels of Se to birds in a more challenging situation to induce oxidative stress may bring more conclusive results.     

基于农牧户视角的荒漠化治理中退牧还草技术综合评价——以内蒙古鄂托克旗为例

农牧户作为退牧还草技术的实施者和重要利益相关者,其对技术的感知度和认可度对于调整和完善退牧还草技术具有重要的现实意义。本文以草地荒漠化典型区域——内蒙古鄂托克旗为例,采用主观层次分析法和客观熵权法相结合的方法,构建包括技术成熟度、技术应用难度、技术相宜性、技术效益和技术推广潜力5个方面的退牧还草技术综合评价指标体系,基于农牧户视角对内蒙古鄂托克旗退牧还草技术进行综合评价。结果表明:1)基于农牧户视角的鄂托克旗退牧还草技术综合评价结果为0.469 8,说明农牧户对于退牧还草技术的综合评价处于中等水平,技术满意度一般,技术可持续性较弱。具体表现为农牧户对于技术自身的草地生态系统退化修复功能持以肯定态度,生态效益评价较高;而对于经济效益和技术可持续性评价较低。2)分项退牧还草技术评价结果由高到低的排序为:技术相宜性、技术效益、技术成熟度、技术应用难度、技术推广潜力。3)分区域研究得出,鄂托克旗退牧还草技术综合评价的区域差异性较小。因此,退牧还草技术的综合评价结果能够反映农牧户对于该项技术的满意程度,为退牧还草技术的持续有效实施提供参考。