Occurrence in Italy and characteristics of lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) resistant to phenylamide fungicides

Control of lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) with phenylamide fungicides has failed in some intensive lettuce-producing areas in Northern Italy since Spring 1993. Before then, these chemicals and particularly metalaxyl, provided the best disease control. The sensitivity of Bremia lactucae isolates collected in such areas to metalaxyl was evaluated in the laboratory. These strains grew and sporulated profusely on lettuce seedlings treated with 100 and 200 ppm of metalaxyl, whereas sensitive control strains were completely inhibited when treated with fungicide concentrations ranging from 0.5–1 ppm. Thus in Italy occurrence of resistance to phenylamide fungicides in Bremia lactucae has also been demonstrated, as in almost all the countries where these chemicals were previously authorised. Subsequently, a demonstration of occurrence of resistance was made and the virulence pattern of several strains (resistant and sensitive to metalaxyl) was characterised using differential NL series containing the 13 DM resistant genes or R factors. The results suggest the occurrence of a new pathotype in Italy different from all the 16 NL Bremia lactucae races studied.     

Adaptive conjoint analysis to determine perceived risk factors of farmers, veterinarians and AI technicians for introduction of BHV1 to dairy farms

A study was carried out to determine the possibility of a more-closed farming system for (Dutch) dairy farms. The objective of the study was to provide effective and economically profitable management advice for improving the animal-health status of farms. Management measures will only be successfully applied if supported by farmers and their advisors (such as veterinarians). Therefore, the perception of farmers and advisors of the importance of various risk factors for the introduction of diseases to a farm was determined by using bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV1) as an example.

As part of the study, an evening-long workshop was organized and run thrice. In total, 49 farmers, veterinarians and AI technicians participated in these workshops. The computerized questionnaire technique was based on adaptive conjoint analysis (ACA). ACA has the advantage that participants can work with a large number of risk factors in a relatively short period of time. Another advantage of ACA (compared with standard questionnaires) is that the answers from each participant can be checked with regard to consistency with respect to the importance assigned to them. Data from participants with inconsistent responses can be excluded from further analyses. The results of the ACA interview were compared with the risk factors reported in the literature as being associated with BHV1 status (e.g. purchase of cattle, participation in cattle shows) and with farmers' actual management to prevent the introduction of diseases.

The workshop participants were all operating in the dairy sector and they seemed well aware of the risk of direct animal contacts for the introduction of BHV1. Farmers thought visitors to be more risky than did AI technicians and (especially) veterinarians. Farmers who purchased cattle or participated in cattle shows were of the opinion that the risks of direct animal contacts were more important than did farmers who were not involved in those practices. Farmers whose farms were BHV1-positive (and participated in cattle shows more often) thought the risk of participation smaller than did farmers with BHV1-negative farms.     

影响平坝华山松种子园结实量的土壤因子及对策研究

本文通过对平坝华山松种子园土壤肥力，针叶养分状况与华山松无性系开花结实相关性的研究，寻找出种子产量低的原因，结果表明低产的原因之一是营养生长差，表现在该园土壤缺Ｐ少Ｋ，缺Ｂ，针叶养分状况反映出Ｂ的缺乏，同时Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ也偏低，故而施肥是解决的措施之一，施Ｐ提高雄花量，是对照的１３．５倍，施Ｂ提高雌花量和座果量，为对照的１．２倍，２倍。     

抗战时期陕甘宁边区奶业 技术扩散及其影响因素

抗日战争时期，陕甘宁边区的奶业方兴未艾。以光华农场为代表的奶业科研及生产机构，大力开展奶畜育种、饲养、管理、防疫等方面的科研工作，试验制作奶酪、奶皮、奶油、酸奶等奶制品，成为了边区奶业的技术扩散源。抗日军民对牛、羊奶的大量需求，客观上促进了边区奶业技术的传播与辐射，但受经济条件、饮食习惯以及市场流通等多重因素的影响和制约，边区奶业技术扩散呈现出比较复杂的情形。     

水载型木材防腐剂中有效成分固着的影响因素

水载型木材防腐剂在木材防腐市场中占据着主导地位,然而其中的有效成分的抗水流失性差是其存在的主要缺点,这在很大程度上是由于防腐处理材在使用前防腐剂有效成分与木材成分之间的固着反应不充分而造成的,因此提高防腐有效成分在处理材中的固着质量是提高抗流失性的关键.笔者对国内外在水载型防腐剂中有效成分固着方面的研究进行了较为系统、全面的介绍,其中包括木材树种、固着的环境温度与相对湿度、固着时间、木材含水率、防腐剂的保持量、防腐剂成分组成等不同因素的影响,并在此基础上提出了今后的研究方向.     

论鸡球虫病的诱发因素及防治对策

鸡虫病作为一种常见的寄生虫病,就目前我国养鸡业而言,其每年所造成的经济损失数以万计,早已成为禽类死亡率极高的重要传染性疾病。就诱发鸡球虫病的因素进行粗浅的探讨,并提出相应的防治对策,以供参考。     

京津冀畜牧业发展影响因素分析及其对策

在京津冀一体化条件下,深入研究与分析影响畜牧业发展的因素对河北省畜牧业的健康发展具有现实意义。统计了1996-2009年河北省主要畜产品产量和京、津、冀三地牧业产值,在诸多影响因素中,选取了政策导向、养殖企业与加工企业关系、动物疫病、药物残留与食品安全、养殖企业的污染与防治等5个方面进行研究与分析,并提出了解决问题的相应途径或方法。     

中国蓝莓嫁接研究进展与展望

蓝莓作为营养价值很高的水果,近年来在我国的栽培面积正逐步扩增,同时老园区品种更新问题也开始出现。嫁接是果树品种更新常用的方法,同时也是苗木繁育常用的技术手段。本文综述了蓝莓嫁接时间、嫁接方法及其他影响蓝莓嫁接成活的因素、蓝莓嫁接亲和性机理研究、嫁接后蓝莓对环境条件适应性变化以及嫁接后蓝莓果实产量和品质变化相关文献,以期为蓝莓嫁接相关研究提供新思路和参考,为蓝莓生产实践提供可靠指导；此外,本文对未来蓝莓嫁接研究方向做出展望。     

湖北宣恩烟区气候因素和烤烟质量特点分析

分析了湖北宣恩烟叶产区适宜种植烤烟的基本条件、气候因素和所产烟叶的质量特点,并与国外优质烟叶产区津巴布韦烤烟进行了比较,结果表明:该烟区具有无霜期长、大于10℃积温高、日均气温大于20℃的时间长等突出特点,达到了烤烟最适宜类型生长发育所要求的气候条件;宣恩烤烟颜色橘黄或柠檬黄,成熟度好,与津巴布韦烟叶外观质量相当;宣恩烟叶填充力较高,各化学成分含量较适宜,组成比例协调;感官评吸质量较好。     

对数学学法指导的研究

数学学法指导是数学教学理论研究和实践中的一个重要课题。结合教学实践，对数学学法指导的意义、指导的内容、指导的原则及指导的实施四个方面进行了探讨。