种植方式对“早晚兼用”双季稻生长发育特性及产量的影响

为了探讨不同种植方式对双季稻生长发育特性及产量的影响,2013—2014年以常规早稻‘中嘉早17’、杂交早稻‘陵两优104’为材料(早晚兼用),在大田栽培条件下进行了双季稻直播、手插秧、点抛秧(丢秧)和机插秧的种植方式比较试验。结果表明早稻2个品种均以机插秧方式产量最高,平均为9.17 t/hm2(8.28~10.10 t/hm2),晚稻2013年以机插秧和手插方式产量最高(8.78~8.79 t/hm2),2014年以直播和机插秧方式产量最高,分别为(8.05~8.20 t/hm2)和(7.79~8.03 t/hm2)。在播、插期相同条件下,早稻直播与手插秧、点抛秧、机插秧的全生育期差异不大,晚稻直播推迟播种13~15天,全生育期缩短了5~8天。手插秧、点抛秧分蘖消长呈早发稳升缓降型,机插秧呈缓发速升缓降型,直播呈速发速升速降型。不同种植方式抽穗期、成熟期的干物质积累存在年间差异,其中2013年以点抛秧最高,直播、机插秧次之,2014年以机插秧最高,手插秧、点抛秧次之。由此可见,采用早晚兼用的品种搭配方式和机插秧栽培,有利于双季稻产量形成及其构成因子间的协调,同时缓解双季稻机插秧的季节矛盾。     

连作对棉田土壤枯、黄萎病菌数量及细菌群落的影响

采用选择培养法测定新疆库尔勒不同连作年限棉田土壤枯、黄萎病病菌数量的变化,运用PCR-DGGE(Polymerase chain reaction-denatured gradient gel electrophoresis)技术分析棉花连作对土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的影响。结果表明,不同连作年限棉田的枯萎病菌和黄萎病菌量具有相似的变化特征,即在5~20年连作年限内,土壤中病原菌量随着连作年限的延长而增加,20年连作土壤病原菌数量达到最高峰;连作超过20年,土壤菌源数量开始下降。不同连作年限棉田土壤中枯、黄萎病病原菌的数量与发病株率呈显著正相关关系。连作棉田土壤细菌群落的DGGE图谱分析显示,连作棉田土壤细菌种群的组成、结构、丰富度均发生变化。连作5~40年的棉田土壤细菌种群Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')、均匀度(EH′)和丰富度(S)指数均降低,且连作年限越长降低越突出。     

麦棉两熟种植模式对棉仁脂肪及蛋白质代谢的影响

研究麦棉两熟种植模式影响棉仁脂肪及蛋白质代谢机制,可为我国麦棉两熟棉区在稳定棉花产量和品质的基础上提高棉籽品质提供理论依据。试验于2012年和2013年在江苏省大丰市稻麦原种场进行,以泗杂3号(中晚熟品种)和中棉所50(早熟品种)棉花品种为材料,以单作棉为对照(CK),设置棉花生产上常用的麦套移栽棉(IC)、麦后移栽棉(TC)和麦后直播棉(DC)麦棉种植模式,研究麦棉两熟不同种植模式对棉仁脂肪和蛋白质的累积动态、关键酶活性及其相互关系的影响。结果表明:(1)两熟棉棉仁脂肪含量皆较CK低,IC、TC和DC呈依次下降的趋势;IC和TC棉仁蛋白质含量皆高于CK,DC低于CK;中棉所50棉仁脂肪和蛋白质含量均略高于泗杂3号。(2)两熟棉棉仁磷脂酸磷酸酯酶(PPase)和6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶(G6PDH)活性低于CK,丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)活性高于CK;IC、TC棉仁谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性高于CK,DC低于CK;中棉所50棉仁具有较高的PPase、G6PDH、GS和GOGAT活性,PEPC活性稍低于泗杂3号。(3)棉仁最终脂肪含量与棉仁代谢过程中PPase、G6PDH活性呈极显著正相关,与PEPC活性呈极显著负相关;棉仁最终蛋白质含量与G6PDH活性及GS、GOGAT活性分别呈显著和极显著正相关。总之,在我国麦棉两熟棉区选择应用中熟棉花品种、麦套移栽方式可以在稳定棉花产量和品质的基础上提高棉籽品质。     

以水稻为主的种植系统对土壤有机质状况的影响

A long-term simulation experiment was carried out to study the effect of rice-based cropping system, green manure and ground-water level on soil organic matter. Soil organic matter content increased when upland soil was puddled and cropped under submerged conditions. Among all treatments, soil organic matter contents in the treatments of rice-rice-flooded fallow in winter (WF) were the highest, those in the treatments of rice-rice-astragalus (WG) came the second, and those in the treatments of rice-rice-rape (WR) were the lowest. At the same rate of green manure application, the degrees of organo-mineral complexing in soils of treatments WG and WR were higher than those of treatment WF. After 9-year rice cultivation, the state of combination of humus in heavy fraction varied with treatments. The relative content of loosely bonded humus decreased in the order of WR > WG > WF, and it correlated significantly with Se availability.     

应用~(15)N研究小麦花生两熟制氮肥分配方式对小麦、花生产量及N肥利用率的影响

在小麦花生两熟制条件下 ,全年氮肥两作 3次施用 (小麦基肥、追肥和花生基肥 )氮素利用率为 3 2 52 % ,一作两次施用 (小麦基肥和追肥 )氮素利用率为 3 7 0 1 % ,但前者土壤残留多 ,损失少 ,氮肥回收率为 69 2 4% ,较后者高 1 2 0 3个百分点。且前者有利于小麦、花生产量的形成 ,是小麦花生两熟制适宜的施肥方式。小麦当茬氮肥利用率为 1 6 80 %～ 3 5 63 %。夏直播花生当茬及前茬小麦基肥和追肥 (拔节期 )的氮肥利用率分别为 2 3 70 %、6 57%～ 7 70 %和 1 0 0 3 %～ 1 2 73 % ;施肥时间和施肥量对氮肥利用率影响较大     

Effects of tillage on productivity of a winter wheat-vetch rotation under dryland Mediterranean conditions

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of three tillage systems on crop yield in a winter wheat-vetch (Vicia sativa L.) rotation during 3-year growing seasons on a clay-loam soil in the northwest region of Turkey. The three tillage treatments were: (1) conventional tillage (CT); (2) shallow tillage (ST); (3) double disk tillage (DD).The wheat grain yield was significantly affected by tillage when averaged across years. The highest wheat grain yield was obtained with shallow tillage treatment. The year affected wheat grain yield significantly, mainly due to the distribution of rainfall through the growing season and probably due to the wheat-vetch rotation. Heads density and head length increased significantly with shallow tillage when compared with conventional tillage. Tillage practices had no significant influence on thousand kernel weight. Results from this study indicated that for a dryland wheat-vetch rotation cropping system, shallow tillage had higher wheat grain yields than that obtained from conventional tillage. Furthermore, mouldboard ploughing tillage in this crop rotation could be replaced by shallow tillage that would increase yield and would be likely to improve soil properties in the long-term. On the other hand, double disk tillage proved to be a promising soil management practice to improve vetch grain yield when compared with conventional tillage.     

Nitrogen mineralization in a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch)–cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in the southern United States

Information on temporal and spatial patterns of N mineralization is critical in designing tree-crop mixed systems that could maximize N uptake while minimizing N loss. We quantified N mineralization rates in a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch)–cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in northwestern Florida with (non-barrier) and without tree-crop belowground interactions (barrier separating the root systems of pecan and cotton). Monthly rates of mineralization were estimated using buried bag incubations over a 15-month period. In addition, seasonal mineralization rates and cotton lint yield on soils supplied with two sources of N—inorganic fertilizer and organic poultry litter—were assessed. Results indicated that temporal variations in net NH₄ and NO₃ accumulation and mineralization rates were driven primarily by environmental factors and to a lesser degree by initial soil NH₄ and NO₃ levels. Mineralization varied by belowground interaction treatment during the initial growing season, when the non-barrier treatment exhibited a higher mineralization rate than the barrier treatment, likely due to reduced nutrient uptake by cotton in the non-barrier or a higher degree of immobilization in the barrier treatment. Mineralization during the second growing season was similar for both treatments. Source of N had no effects on N transformation in the soil. Lint yield reductions were observed in the non-barrier treatment during both years compared to the barrier treatment, likely due to interspecific competition for water. Yield differences between treatments in the second growing season were likely compounded by a diminishing pre-study fallow effect. Source of N was found to have a significant effect on cotton yield, with inorganic fertilizer resulting in 39% higher lint compared to poultry litter in the barrier treatment.     

Optimization of Farmyard Manure to Substitute Mineral Fertilizer for Sustainable Productivity and Higher Carbon Sequestration Potential and Profitability under Gardenpea-French Bean Cropping System in the Indian Himalayas

Carbon sequestration potential (CSP) and sustainability of gardenpea-french bean cropping system was assessed with farmyard manure (FYM) application vis-à-vis mineral fertilization as recommended NPK (NPK) and integrated nutrient management practices (INM) after six years’ cropping in Indian Himalayas. Application of 20 tons FYM ha^?1 provided highest CSP (0.527 Mg C ha^?1 year^?1) in soil and sustainability index. With the help of quadratic equations, it was estimated that maximum profit (optimum yield) and turn over of invested money could be achieved with application of 20.0 and 15.6 t FYM ha^?1, respectively. Application of 5.9 and 8.9 tons FYM ha^?1 would substitute NPK and INM, respectively. Pod number plant^?1 was the most important yield-contributing attribute as found from principal component analysis. Pod yield could be modelled through multiple linear equation with help of yield attributes.     

Long-term continuous cropping in the Pacific Northwest: Tillage and fertilizer effects on winter wheat, spring wheat, and spring barley production

Conventional tillage winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) (WW)–summer fallow reduces soil productivity and increases soil erosion. Conservation tillage management, together with intensive cropping may have the potential to reverse these sustainability concerns. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) systems on grain yield of long-term annual cropping of monoculture WW, spring wheat (SW), and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) (SB) grown with or without fertilizer, in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA. In unfertilized crops, grain yield of WW, SW, and SB was 15%, 25%, and 50% higher, respectively, in CT than in NT plots, an indication of the involvement of yield limiting factors under the NT cropping system. When fertilized, there were no significant differences in grain yield of WW. Yields of SW and SB, however, remained 21% and 15% higher, respectively, in CT than in NT, an indication that factors other than fertility were involved. These results suggest that in order for NT management to be widely adopted by area growers, the yield-limiting factors need to be addressed.