Agronomic Practices at Low Environmental Impact for Durum Wheat in Mediterranean Conditions

The application of conservative agricultural practices such as crop rotation, shallow tillage, and organic fertilizer could usefully sustain crop yield and increase soil fertility, thus playing an important role in the sustainable agriculture. This study was conducted to determine the effects of conservative agronomic practices on yield and quality of wheat. The effects of these practices on soil fertility were further investigated in this four-year study (2005–2008). Two cropping systems, durum wheat in continuous cropping, and in two-year rotation with leguminous crops, were investigated at Foggia (Southern Italy) in rain-fed conditions. Within each cropping system, two levels of crop management were compared: i) conventional, characterized by a higher soil tillage management and mineral fertilizers application; ii) conservative, with a lower soil tillage management and organic-mineral fertilizers. The seasonal weather greatly affected the wheat yield and quality, inducing lower production in years that were characterized by unfavorable climatic conditions. This trend was found when the conventional treatment was applied, both in continuous cropping and rotations. The effects of cropping systems and crop management pointed out the positive role played by the leguminous crops (common vetch and chickpea) in crop rotation. This introduction improved wheat yield in rotation (6.47% compared to the continuous cropping), improved grain protein content (5.88%), and reduced the productive gap between conventional and conservative treatments (9.24 and 14.14% of the wheat in rotation and continuous cropping, respectively). Conversely, the effects of cropping systems and crop management on soil fertility were not very high, since the differences found at the end of the study in total nitrogen values were poor. However, total organic carbon (16.04 and 17.58% for cropping system and crop management, respectively) and available phosphorus values (11.30 and 7.43%) depend on root organic matter contribution, plant biomass residues, and fertilizations. The suitable crop rotation and the sustainable crop management appear important agronomical practices to improve yield and quality of wheat, and may reduce the environmental risks resulting from conventional intensive cropping systems.     

耕作方式对麦–玉轮作农田固碳、保水性能及产量的影响

【目的】 农田固碳保水性能是影响作物产量的关键因素,研究耕作方式对耕层 (0—20 cm) 土壤碳、水含量和产量的影响,为选择适宜该地区的最佳耕作措施提供参考。 【方法】 保护性耕作长期定位试验始于2002年,种植制度为冬小麦–夏玉米一年两熟,两季秸秆全量粉碎 (3～5 cm) 还田,试验设传统翻耕、深松、旋耕和免耕4种耕作方式。对2015—2016年作物生长各时期土壤有机碳含量、土壤含水量、碳水储量、产量和等价产量等进行了测定。 【结果】 不同处理麦–玉轮作农田0—20 cm土层有机碳含量有所不同。耕作措施对土壤有机碳含量有显著 (P < 0.05) 影响,表现为深松和免耕能显著增加0—10 cm土层有机碳含量,且以深松效果最为显著 ( P < 0.05)。与传统翻耕相比,免耕和旋耕降低了10—20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量;深松比传统翻耕显著 ( P < 0.05) 增加了小麦季土壤有机碳含量,玉米季没有显著性差异 ( P < 0.05)。0—10 cm土层,玉米季旋耕和免耕处理的土壤含水量高于深松和传统翻耕;在10—20 cm土层小麦季免耕处理土壤含水量高于其他三种耕作方式。产量结果表明,深松能有效增加作物的有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,进而增加籽粒产量和周年等价产量;免耕显著 ( P < 0.05) 降低了亚表层 (10—20 cm) 有机碳含量,降低穗粒数和千粒重,不利于作物增产。两年小麦玉米单作产量和周年等价产量均表现为深松 > 传统翻耕 > 旋耕 > 免耕。 【结论】 深松能有效促进耕层土壤有机碳积累和保水性能提高,增加作物的有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,从而增加产量;免耕显著 (P < 0.05) 提高了表土层 (0—10 cm) 碳储量,有助于增强耕层土壤的保水性能。      

Effects of tillage systems and rotations on crop production for a thin Black Chernozem in the Canadian Prairies

Soil degradation is the single most important threat to global food production and security. Wind and water erosion are the main forms of this degradation, and conservation tillage represents an effective method for controlling this problem. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of three tillage methods [zero (ZT), minimum (MT) and conventional (CT)] and three four-year crop sequences [spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–spring wheat–winter wheat–fallow; spring wheat–spring wheat–flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)–winter wheat; spring wheat–flax–winter wheat–field pea (Pisum sativum L.] on crop establishment, plant height, seed weight, soil water storage, crop water use, crop water use efficiency and grain yield over a 12-year period under Canadian growing conditions. Plant establishment was not adversely affected by tillage systems or crop sequences except for flax, where a small reduction was observed with ZT and MT. Conservation tillage showed a yield benefit over CT of 7%, 12.5% and 7.4% for field pea, flax and spring wheat grown on cereal stubble, respectively over the 12 years of the study. Much of the yield increase was due to an increase in soil water in the 0–30 cm soil layer with ZT and MT. However, tillage systems had no effect on grain yield for spring wheat grown on fallow and field pea stubble due to a lack of differences in spring soil water content. Flax grown in sequence with cereals only yielded higher than when it was grown in the sequence which included field pea, even though flax was seeded on spring wheat stubble in both cases. Winter wheat yielded higher when grown on flax stubble than on spring wheat stubble. The results indicate that a one-year non-cereal break crop was enough to alleviate the negative effects of consecutive cereal crops on winter wheat. Spring wheat grown on field pea stubble always yielded more than when grown on cereal stubble. A 10% increase in water use efficiency was observed with flax grown with ZT and MT management. Crop sequence improved water use efficiency in flax and spring wheat. Growing spring wheat on field pea stubble as opposed to growing it on cereal stubble resulted in a 10% increase in water use efficiency. Overall, rainfall accounted for 73%, 72%, 67% and 65% of total water used by field pea, flax, winter wheat and spring wheat, respectively. This explains the large year effect as a result of variation in growing (May–August) season precipitation. The non-significant tillage system by year interaction implies that the positive benefits of ZT and MT occur over a wide range of growing conditions, while the absence of a tillage system by crop sequence interaction suggests that knowledge developed under CT management also applies to ZT and MT. The results of this study support the large shifts towards in conservation tillage being observed in the Canadian prairies.     

稻麦两熟条件下不同土壤耕作方式与秸秆还田效用分析

该文通过大田小区和网室水泥池微区的3年定位试验，比较研究了稻麦两熟条件下免耕秸秆覆盖、免耕高茬、翻耕秸秆还田(秸秆稻季翻埋麦季覆盖)、翻耕(对照，CK)4个处理对土壤理化性质和稻麦产量的影响，从土壤管理技术方面探讨了不同耕作方法与秸秆直接还田在稻麦两熟地区的应用效果。结果表明：免耕使土壤容重和穿透阻力增加，而秸秆还田可改善土壤结构，提高土壤养分含量，翻耕还田3年后土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量比对照分别增加4.7%～13.0%、0%～10.6%、0.2%～10.6%、8.4%～15.5%。麦季秸秆还田的产量有增有减，实际产量免耕覆盖还田略低，对照的产量较高，秸秆还田平均减产1%左右；而水稻翻耕秸秆还田的产量最高，比对照平均增产3%左右。因此，在稻麦两熟条件下，从省工节本和提高地力角度可采用稻麦免耕秸秆覆盖与留高茬还田，从提高产量和地力角度宜采用稻季翻耕秸秆还田。     

Soil fertility in a long‐term fertilizer trial with different tillage systems

The presented results originate from a field experiment established in 1972 on an Eutric cambisol with two main factors: soil tillage (conventional‐, reduced‐, and no‐tillage) and NPK fertilization. The test plants were maize and winter wheat in two years rotation.

The long‐term soil fertility without and with optimum fertilization, the influence of fertilization, tillage and crop sequence on grain yields, the organic carbon content (C_org) and the nitrate infiltration are discussed.

In the course of years without any NPK fertilization grain yields of maize and winter wheat decreased significantly and reached a minimum level which was modified however by the actual climatic conditions. The analogous yield level of optimum NPK fertilization at maize showed a growing tendence while at wheat it remained mostly constant.

The method of soil tillage influenced grain yield of winter wheat to a lesser extent than the yield of maize. Grain yields of maize and winter wheat were consistently lower with no‐till as compared to reduced or conventional tillage, however the differences with w. wheat were much smaller. The effect of tillage was especially high at N₀ P₀ K₀. Crop rotation had a positive effect on the yields of maize. For winter wheat at N₀ P₀ K₀ oneself was the better forecrop, while at optimum N and PK maize performed a little better. C_orgcontent of soil slightly increased in the course of 25 years not only on the fertilized plots but on the nil plots too. Increasing N‐doses showed only a little effect on the C_org. There was a little positive effect of no‐till on C_org content of soil as well as compared fall ploughing. Soil tillage did not much influence the total amount of nitrate in the soil profile. The distribution of nitrate‐N in the soil profile was more affected by the actual climatical circumstances than by the system of tillage. However big nitrate accumulations were found in the subsoil according to different soil tillage systems at some other times, as well as lack of it, which suppose the possibility of a relative quick nitrate infiltration.     

不同轮耕方式对渭北旱塬麦玉轮作田土壤物理性状与产量的影响

为研究不同轮作模式对渭北旱作冬小麦?春玉米一年1熟轮作田土壤物理性状和产量的影响,于2007—2014年在陕西省合阳县冬小麦?春玉米轮作田连续7年实施了保护性耕作定位试验,测定和分析了免耕/深松、深松/翻耕、翻耕/免耕、连续免耕、连续深松和连续翻耕6种轮耕模式下麦田0~60 cm土层物理性状、0~200 cm土层土壤湿度和小麦产量的变化。结果表明:1)不同轮耕模式0~40 cm土层土壤容重、孔隙度和田间持水量差异显著,其中以免耕/深松效果最显著;0~60 cm土层免耕/深松轮耕处理平均田间持水量较连续翻耕处理提高12.9%;2)轮耕对土壤团聚体特性影响明显,免耕/深松0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量(R0.25)最高,结构体破碎率和不稳定团粒指数(ELT)最低,水稳性均重直径(WMWD)最高,水稳性和力稳性团聚体分形维数(D)均最低;3)小麦生育期间免耕/深松处理0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量和小麦产量较连续翻耕分别增加17.7 mm和9.5%。综合可知,轮耕有利于耕层土壤物理结构改善,免耕/深松更有利于耕层土壤大团聚体形成和土壤结构稳定,利于土壤蓄水保墒和作物增产,为渭北旱塬区麦玉轮作田较适宜的轮耕模式。     

Effect of organic and conventional crop rotation, fertilization, and crop protection practices on metal contents in wheat (Triticum aestivum)

The effects of organic versus conventional crop management practices (crop rotation, crop protection, and fertility management strategies) on wheat yields and grain metal (Al, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentrations were investigated in a long-term field trial. The interactions between crop management practices and the season that the crop was grown were investigated using univariate and redundancy analysis approaches. Grain yields were highest where conventional fertility management and crop protection practices were used, but growing wheat after a previous crop of grass/clover was shown to partially compensate for yield reductions due to the use of organic fertility management. All metals except for Pb were significantly affected by crop management practices and the year that the wheat was grown. Grain Cd and Cu levels were higher on average when conventional fertility management practices were used. Al and Cu were higher on average when conventional crop protection practices were used. The results demonstrate that there is potential to manage metal concentrations in the diet by adopting specific crop management practices shown to affect crop uptake of metals.     

麦稻轮作下耕作模式对土壤理化性质和作物产量的影响

为了探明不同耕作模式对土壤理化性质和作物产量的影响,采用田间定位试验方法,于2007-2010连续4a在麦稻轮作制下开展了本试验研究。结果表明,免耕提高了耕层土壤体积质量,降低了土壤含水率。但是免耕土壤表层(0～10cm)的体积质量仍在作物适宜生长的范围内,并未对作物的生长产生不利影响。免耕促进了土壤有机质和全氮在表层土壤的富集。0～10cm土层有机质和全氮含量比翻耕处理显著增加,而>10～20cm土层上述养分含量明显低于翻耕处理。小麦季免耕土壤的碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量的变化趋势与有机质和全氮含量相似,而水稻季免耕处理整个耕层土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均低于翻耕处理。免耕显著的提高了小麦产量,但降低了水稻产量,起主要作用的产量构成因素是小麦和水稻的有效穗数。整个轮作周期的作物产量以小麦免耕水稻翻耕模式的产量较高,比小麦翻耕水稻免耕模式产量增加了5.70%。     

Effect of tillage and residue management on properties of two coarse-textured soils and on yield of irrigated wheat and groundnut

Changes in soil properties and yield response in relation to tillage and residue management treatments in an irrigated groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)—wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) rotation on a sandy soil (1972–1974) and on a sandy loam soil (1974–1976) were evaluated. Tillage treatments (T₁ and T₂) did not cause significant changes in soil properties. Incorporation of crop residues (5 t residue per ha per crop, T₃) caused a substantial increase in organic C, available N, and NaHCO₃ -extractable P contents in the top 15 cm of both soils. Residue management treatments (T₃, T₄ and T₅) showed no significant effect on soil bulk density and exchangeable K. Crop yields under no-tillage (T₁) and conventional tillage (control, T₂) were comparable on sandy soil but on the sandy loam soil, no-tillage yielded significantly lower than conventional tillage. Compared with the control, incorporation of crop residues (T₃) caused higher yields on sandy soil for groundnut and wheat by 34.1 and 47.4%, respectively, and on sandy loam by 17.1 and 7.2%, respectively. Mulching with crop residues conserved soil moisture and reduced maximum soil temperature (1.5–5.3°C in groundnut and 1.5–2.9°C in wheat) but other measured soil properties were not significantly affected. Significant yield increase due to residue mulching (T₄) was observed in sandy soil but it was significantly less than when total crop residue was incorporated (T₃). Increased wheat root-weight density in the top 15 cm soil with residue mulching was not reflected in grain yield. Compared with the incorporation of the total amount of crop residue (T₃), incorporation of half the amount and application of the other half as mulch (T₅) caused lower yields — on sandy soil for groundnut and wheat by 31.5 and 15.7%, respectively, and on sandy loam by 4.8 and 3.6%, respectively.     

轮作、耕作及行距对麦田土壤温度动态的影响

研究了加拿大南部冬小麦田在轮作、耕作和行距共同作用下的土壤温度动态。田间裂区试验主区为3个轮作(冬小麦连作、冬小麦/油菜轮作和冬小麦/夏休闲),副区包括两种耕作技术(免耕和常规耕作),小裂区包括两种种植行距(等行距和大小行)。结果表明,免耕处理下秸秆覆盖有效地降低了冬季土壤的冻结深度。在1993～1994年度,连作小麦免耕土壤的-5℃等温线要比常规耕作浅22cm。免耕秸秆覆盖的温度效应在冬小麦连作和冬小麦/油菜两种轮作上比在冬小麦/夏休闲上更为明显。在冬小麦连作和冬小麦/油菜轮作下,免耕土壤2.5cm的春季温度连续4个月显著低于常规耕作土壤。1994年4月8日,免耕和常规耕作农田2.5cm处的温差在冬小麦连作处理上达到4.1℃。对于冬小麦/夏休闲处理,由于秸秆覆盖量较少,耕作措施对土壤温度的影响不太明显。在1994年春季,大小行种植的土壤温度显著高于等行距种植的土壤温度。因此,免耕主要通过秸秆覆盖来改变土壤的温度状况。通过轮作、耕作和行距等措施,可以在一定程度上实现土壤温度的人为调节     

Influence of wheat residue management on irrigated corn grain production in a reduced tillage system

Management of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residues for corn (Zea mays L.) planting is an important issue in southern parts of Iran where these two irrigated crops are consecutively grown. Concerns have been raised in recent years over the burning of the crop residues by farmers in these areas. A 2-year (2001–2002) field experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of irrigated corn planted, after burning wheat residues followed by conventional tillage (CT), after residue removal followed by CT, after soil incorporation of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of residue followed by chisel plow, disk harrow, and row crop planter equipped with row cleaner. The CT operations consisted of mollboard plowing followed by two times disk harrowing. Treatments had significant effects on corn grain yield, biological yield, and leaf area index. The highest grain yield (15.73 t ha⁻¹) and grains per ear (709.3) were obtained when 25–50% of wheat residues were soil incorporated and the seeds were sown with planter equipped with row cleaner in both years as compared with conventional tillage practices. It is recommended that complete residue removal or burning should be avoided; hence for successful corn production after wheat, residue management techniques that reduce residue level in the row area should be implemented.     

夏闲期不同耕作模式对土壤蓄水保墒效果及作物水分利用效率的影响

为了探讨夏闲期不同耕作模式对土壤蓄水保墒效果及小麦水分利用效率的影响,2007-2010年在宁南旱区采用免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松、连年翻耕(传统耕作)3种耕作方式对土壤水分及冬小麦产量的影响进行了研究。结果表明,保护性耕作模式改善了麦田的土壤水分状况,且提高作物产量和水分利用效率效果显著。夏闲末期,相对于传统耕作,免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松处理3a平均土壤蓄水量分别增加(P<0.05)3.92%和7.84%,降雨蓄水效率提高(P<0.05)13.64%和22.80%;小麦生育期,3a平均土壤蓄水量分别较传统耕作增加(P<0.05)7.96%和8.60%,平均生育期降水利用效率提高(P<0.05)9.59%和10.69%,平均年降水利用效率提高(P<0.05)9.52%和10.65%;3a平均产量分别较传统耕作提高(P<0.05)9.59%和10.69%,籽粒产量水分利用效率提高(P<0.05)7.17%和7.68%,生物产量水分利用效率提高(P<0.05)3.83%和4.34%。     

Managing traffic-induced soil compaction by using conservation tillage

The term ‘Konservierende Bodenbearbeitung’ has a somewhat different meaning than conservation tillage as used worldwide. In Germany the term is used not only in relation to the retention of surface residues to reduce erosion but in association with compaction control by carefully timed loosening operations.Field experiments were conducted from 1985 to 1990 on a loamy sand (Dystric-Luvisol) in north-central Germany. The effect of crop rotation-specific soil loosening on some soil physical properties and crop yields was studied in the presence and absence of wheel-induced soil compaction when growing sugar beet, winter wheat, winter barley and a cover crop. Five tillage treatments were studied in a 3-year crop rotation: sugar beet; winter wheat; winter barley; cover crop. These included conventional mouldboard ploughing, conservation tillage with no loosening and conservation tillage where loosening was carried out with a wide blade chisel plough, (1) before winter barley, (2) before the cover crop (mustard or California bluebell) and (3) before winter barley and the cover crop.Wheel-induced compaction decreased the pore space and in most cases eliminated differences due to tillage practice. Pore space on the wheel-tracked plots of the conventional treatment was considerably lower than on the non-wheel-tracked plots. Similar results were obtained for the conservation tillage plots but only where loosening had been carried out within the last 18 months.In summary of the 6 years experiment, there was in general no evidence that conventional tillage was superior to conservation tillage with respect to the yields of sugar beet, winter wheat, or, within certain limits, winter barley on loamy sand.Accordingly, conservation tillage with crop rotation-specific non-inverting soil loosening, promises to be a potential strategy not only with regard to reducing soil erosion, but a programme for reducing costs and alleviating traffic-induced soil compaction.     

Changes in N leaching and crop production as a result of measures to reduce N losses to water in a 6‐yr crop rotation

The effects of various measures introduced to increase nitrogen (N)‐use efficiency and reduce N losses to water in a 6‐yr crop rotation (winter wheat, spring barley, green manure, winter wheat, spring barley, spring oilseed rape) were examined with respect to N leaching, soil mineral N (SMN) accumulation and grain yield. An N‐use efficient system (NUE) with delayed tillage until late autumn and spring, direct drilling of winter wheat, earlier sowing of winter and spring crops and use of a catch crop in winter wheat was compared with a conventional system (CON) in a field experiment with six separately tile‐drained plots in south‐western Sweden during the period 1999–2011 (two crop rotation cycles). Total leaching of NO₃‐N from the NUE system was significantly 46 and 33% lower than in the CON system during the first and second crop rotation cycle, respectively, with the most pronounced differences apparently related to management strategies for winter wheat. Differences in NO₃‐N leaching largely reflected differences in SMN during autumn and winter. There was a tendency for lower yields in the NUE system, probably due to problems with couch grass. Overall, the measures for conserving N, when frequently used within a crop rotation, effectively reduced NO₃ concentrations in drainage water and NO₃‐N leaching losses, without severely affecting yield.     

Recent yield results and trends over time with conservation tillage on morainic loam soil in southeast Norway

Abstract

Results for 1998–2004 are reported from four long-term (25–28 years) tillage trials, comparing conventional autumn ploughing with reduced tillage, normally spring harrowing only. Plant residues were retained during the period studied. The weather was somewhat wetter than the 1961–1990 normal. Results with reduced tillage were mostly similar to those seen in earlier trial periods. In Trial 1, mean grain yield was 95% with spring harrowing only versus autumn ploughing, 96% when harrowing in autumn was performed as well and 97% when the soil was ploughed every third year. In Trial 2 positive crop rotation effects were found both with and without ploughing, and reduced tillage gave 5% lower grain yield also in this trial. In Trial 3, tillage system did not affect yields of cereals grown in rotation with potatoes, but reduced tillage gave 12% lower potato yield than ploughing. Little difference in response to N fertilizer was found. In Trial 4, reduced tillage on large-scale (0.7 ha) plots gave 11% lower grain yields than annual ploughing, partly due to shallow sowing depth. No long-term trend in yield responses to tillage was discernible in any trial, and between-year variability was similar with both ploughing and reduced tillage. Percentage yields with reduced tillage relative to annual ploughing correlated positively with rainfall in May and with mean air temperature in August. It is concluded that the reduced tillage systems studied are sustainable in terms of productivity, relative to labour, machinery and energy inputs. Likely benefits of such systems include higher levels of organic matter and aggregate stability in surface soil horizons, but a disadvantage is the need for frequent herbicide use to control perennial weeds.     

深耕改善砂姜黑土理化性状提高小麦产量

为探明砂姜黑土农田适宜的耕作方式,进一步挖掘砂姜黑土生产潜力,发挥地域资源优势,以周麦27为试验材料,在大田条件下设置免耕、旋耕(15 cm)、深耕(30 cm)3种耕作方式,研究了耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤容重、有机碳含量、无机氮含量以及小麦籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,在小麦苗期和成熟期,3种耕作方式处理间0~10 cm土层土壤容重差异不显著(P0.05),但深耕处理显著降低10~30 cm土层土壤容重(P0.05)。在小麦苗期、越冬期、拔节期、开花期和成熟期,3种耕作方式对0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量的影响规律不明显,但深耕处理明显增加20~40 cm土层土壤有机碳含量;20~40 cm土层土壤铵态氮含量均为深耕旋耕免耕。与免耕处理相比,深耕处理通过增加小麦穗粒数和千粒质量,最终促使籽粒产量增加16.33%。综上所述,在该试验条件下,在秸秆还田的基础上,小麦季30 cm深耕处理可以降低土壤容重,增加土壤有机碳含量,进而提高小麦籽粒产量,可作为砂姜黑土农田适宜的耕作方式。     

科学耕作与留茬改良小麦-玉米两熟农田土壤物理性状及增产效果

为了探讨不同覆盖耕作方式对农田土壤物理性状及作物产量的影响,该试验研究了免耕、常规2种耕作方式和4种留茬高度的玉米秸秆还田处理,对麦-玉两熟农田土壤含水率、容重、孔隙度以及作物产量的影响。结果表明:在0～40cm土层内,秸秆还田的集雨和保水效果显著,免耕留茬0.5m还田处理的含水率比免耕无覆盖处理增加了15.95%。秸秆还田量对0～40cm内土壤贮水量的影响不同。耕作措施显著影响了土壤容重,小麦播种前常规留茬1m还田、常规全量还田处理容重低至1.0g/cm3左右。秸秆还田能增加土壤总孔隙度、降低毛管与非毛管孔隙度的比值。单一免耕处理降低了作物产量,而免耕覆盖能增产,其留茬1m还田处理比无还田处理增产22.44%,比常规留茬0.5m还田处理高3.64%。因此,免耕留茬1m还田处理在改善农田土壤物理性状和增加作物产量方面显著,该研究可为农田管理过程中耕作措施和秸秆还田量的选择提供参考依据。     

不同耕作措施对旱地作物生育期农田耗水结构和水分利用效率的影响

陇中黄土高原旱农区降水有限、水分利用效率低下是导致该区作物生产力水平低而不稳的主要原因。发展保护性耕作是保护水土资源、提高水分利用效率的重要途径。为揭示耕作措施影响水分利用效率的机制,2015—2016年在陇中黄土高原旱农区研究了不同耕作措施对土壤棵间蒸发、农田耗水量、作物蒸腾量、棵间蒸发与蒸散的比例、产量及水分利用效率的影响。试验设置传统耕作(T)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆翻入(TS)、传统耕作+覆膜(TP)、免耕覆膜(NTP)6个处理,春小麦和豌豆年间轮作。结果表明:(1)春小麦和豌豆全生育期棵间蒸发量NTS、TP、NTP比T显著减少6.52%~50.81%,NTS降低棵间蒸发量的作用主要在小麦开花后和豌豆结荚后,地膜覆盖在各个生育时期基本上都显著减少了棵间蒸发。(2)NTS对全生育期耗水量无显著影响,NTP的耗水量只在小麦地显著高于T。相比T,NTS显著提高了小麦开花-收获和豌豆结荚-收获期间的阶段耗水量及其占总耗水的比例。(3)NTS、TP、NTP均显著提高了春小麦和豌豆的蒸腾量,降低了田间的蒸发占蒸散的比例,降低了水分的无效损耗。(4)各年份春小麦和豌豆的产量NTS、TP、NTP比T提高了7.64%~62.79%,水分利用效率比T提高了0.43%~50.88%。因此,在陇中黄土高原旱农区,免耕秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖等保护性耕作措施均能提高水分利用效率及小麦和豌豆的产量。免耕秸秆覆盖通过降低作物生长后期棵间蒸发量,提高作物生长后期耗水量,降低蒸发与蒸散的比例,从而提高春小麦和豌豆的水分利用效率及产量。而地膜覆盖处理主要是通过减少全生育期棵间蒸发量,增加作物全生育期蒸腾量,降低蒸发与蒸散的比例,从而实现作物水分高效利用,提高作物产量。     

耕作方式对农田土壤理化性质、微生物学特性及小麦营养品质的影响

  【目的】  耕作措施对土壤健康和作物营养品质提升具有关键作用,明确不同耕作方式对土壤理化性质、微生物学特性及小麦营养品质的影响,为集约化农田可持续管理提供理论依据。  【方法】  田间试验自2012年起在山东德州进行,供试土壤为潮土,种植制度为小麦–玉米轮作。设置4种耕作模式处理:传统耕作、旋耕、休耕和免耕。2020年,采集0—20 cm土层土样分析土壤物理、化学性质和细菌群落结构,采集小麦籽粒样品分析其营养品质。  【结果】  与传统耕作相比,免耕、休耕和旋耕处理显著提高了土壤含水量、铵态氮、硝态氮、有机质、全氮及有效磷含量,休耕还显著提高了土壤容重,降低了土壤孔隙度。免耕、休耕和旋耕处理显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮含量以及土壤细菌群落多样性指数,休耕及免耕处理提高土壤厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)的相对丰度,降低放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的相对丰度。从营养品质变化来看,休耕显著提高小麦籽粒蛋白质、淀粉、微量元素的含量,旋耕和免耕显著增加小麦籽粒蛋白质含量,除天冬氨酸外,其他16种氨基酸组分变化趋势与氨基酸总量变化基本一致。Pearson相关性分析及冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,小麦籽粒淀粉、铁、锌、硒含量与土壤含水量、铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷、微生物量碳、微生物量氮均呈显著正相关关系,其中铵态氮(F=25.7,P=0.002)、微生物量碳(F=4.9,P=0.008)、全氮(F=3.3,P=0.028)、土壤pH (F=3.1,P=0.036)是影响小麦营养品质的主要环境因子。  【结论】  减少对土壤扰动的耕作方式可不同程度地改变土壤环境因子及细菌群落结构,与旋耕、免耕相比,休耕更有利于小麦籽粒蛋白质、淀粉、微量元素、氨基酸组分含量的积累,是改善土壤健康状况和提升小麦营养品质的有效耕作措施。     

农作制度对黑河中游沙质土壤硝态氮积累及作物产量的影响

为研究沙地农田不同土壤耕作、覆盖方式和轮作对作物产量、土壤硝态氮含量及积累的影响,在黑河中游边缘绿洲典型沙地进行农田定位试验。试验结果表明,在沙地农田生态系统,相对传统的三耕两耱的耕作方式,减少秋耕对玉米和大豆产量没有显著影响;相对于地膜覆盖处理,麦秆覆盖处理使玉米减产11.3%～18.8%,使大豆产量增加6%;不同处理0～40cm土壤硝态氮积累量存在显著差异,作物收获后传统耕作处理土壤硝态氮的平均积累量比少耕处理低8.5%～22.7%,覆膜处理比覆麦秆处理低7.0%～8.8%,玉米连作处理比玉米-大豆轮作处理高54.9%。分析结果表明,减少秋耕、麦秆代替地膜覆盖均有利于土壤硝态氮在作物根系集中层的积累,玉米大豆轮作对土壤硝态氮积累和淋失的影响仍需进一步研究;该试验研究的继续深入将对维持绿洲农田环境的健康和提高沙地农田生态系统生产力提供重要的理论依据。