杉木林土壤微生物区系对短期模拟氮沉降的响应

通过模拟氮沉降试验(设置2种氮形态5种施氮水平(N0、N1、N2、N3、N4分别代表0、20、40、60、80 kg·hm-2·a-1,共10个处理)研究杉木林土壤微生物区系的变化。结果表明:沉降第1年,高氮处理对微生物数量的影响较显著,氮处理时微生物数量的变化波动较大;沉降1年后,各处理的变化规律稳定,波动较小。12月份各处理间微生物数量和细菌数量变化幅度较小、氮处理对其影响不显著,故不宜在12月采集土样。氮沉降量影响微生物总量,总体而言低氮处理促进微生物生长,最高氮处理抑制微生物生长,NH4+-N2或N3和NO3--N3处理微生物总量最多。不同微生物类群对氮沉降形态和沉降量的响应不同,土壤细菌的变化规律和微生物数量的变化规律一致,低氮处理时,硝态氮处理对细菌数量生长的影响大于铵态氮处理,2种形态氮的N2或N3处理细菌数量最大。铵态氮比硝态氮更易影响真菌的生长,且NH4+-N1和NO3--N3处理真菌数量最多。不同氮沉降形态对放线菌数量影响显著,沉降1年后高氮沉降量对放线菌生长略有促进作用。     

Characterisation of and changes in the atmospheric deposition situation in German forest ecosystems using multivariate statistics

Based on the results of the atmospheric deposition classification of the year 1989, a methodical approach should be introduced, which—based on the modelled total deposition rates—enables us to characterise the input situation of forest monitoring plots and to delimit load areas in Germany. In 1989, the deposition situation in nearly 1,800 forest monitoring sites (BZE/extensive Soil Condition Inventory) in Germany could be explained by four factors (or three, excluding sea salt impact) with the help of a factor analysis. The factor values were grouped into six deposition types with typical compounds and regional patterns. The classified input rates of the soil inventory plots adequately represent the stress situation and deposition changes in Germany. The application of the statistical approach on the level of Brandenburg clarifies the special local input situation. Due to the special combination of deposed elements, the sources of emissions can be characterised as well. When the soil inventory is repeated, a project planned for 2006, this approach can be used in order to determine homogenous areas for stratified data evaluation.     

大气氮沉降对森林土壤酸化的影响

因大气污染而不断增加的大气氮沉降量，在许多地区超过了森林生态系统的氮需求。氮在土壤中的化学和生物化学反应对H^ 离子的产生与消耗有重要影响。NH4^ 和NO3^-输入与输出的平衡状态影响着土壤－土壤溶液系统的酸化速率。过剩的氮沉降将加增NH4^ 的硝化和NO^-的淋失，加速土壤的酸化。土壤酸化对森林有危害作用。     

Root parameters of forest trees as sensitive indicators of acidifying pollutants: a review of research of Japanese forest trees

The root parameters of forest trees can be indicators of a changing environment. We summarize the results of root studies with regard to the effects of acidifying pollutants, especially soil acidification and aluminum toxicity, on various root parameters of Japanese forest trees under experimentally controlled conditions. All root parameters such as biomass, morphology, nutritional status, and physiology can be regarded as indicators, because, under laboratory conditions, root responses occur prior to the responses in the aboveground parts. However, considering the conditions of forest sites, the nutritional status and physiological changes are better indicators of soil acidification and Al stress than the biomass and morphological response. The currently available data suggest that the most important indicator is the Ca/Al molar ratio in roots of Japanese tree species. In order to predict and detect the initial effects of soil acidification, we postulate that the specific root response to the Ca/Al molar ratio of tree roots should be considered as a parameter for use in long-term forest monitoring sites.     

耐受自身代谢产物及耐二甲基亚砜红霉素高产菌株的选育

为提高红霉素发酵单位,考察了二甲基亚砜(DMSO)添加时间和体积分数对红霉素合成的影响,采用筛选自身代谢产物突变株的方法,将突变株进行常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变和耐受高浓度DMSO处理。结果显示,在36 h向发酵瓶中添加30000μg/m L红霉素,筛选得到化学效价比对照提高22.4%的菌株。DMSO最适添加时间为发酵48 h,最适添加剂量为0.2%,其可提高发酵单位10.1%。     

氮沉降对植物-丛枝菌根共生体影响的研究进展

氮沉降是影响陆地生态系统的重要环境因子。丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)作为一种能够与绝大多数植物共生并广泛存在的土壤微生物,对植物生长、养分吸收以及抗逆性等均具有重要的调节作用,而针对氮沉降对植物-丛枝菌根共生体影响的研究往往被忽视。基于此,笔者从氮沉降对菌根侵染特性、菌根多样性、菌根对宿主植物生长发育、氮代谢、磷吸收以及对宿主植物生物多样性影响等方面进行了归纳总结,并提出应重点关注的研究方向,旨为菌根生理生态学的研究提供一定的科学依据。     

成品油管道顺序输送中柴油蜡沉积研究进展

在成品油管道顺序输送过程中,当环境温度较低时,柴油可能形成蜡沉积物,污染后行汽油,造成混油损失。开展柴油蜡沉积研究,对保障成品油管道经济高效运行具有重要意义。对此,总结了现有的主要蜡沉积理论;从静态实验和动态实验两个方面梳理了柴油蜡沉积实验研究现状;分析了基于分子扩散和剪切弥散两种理论建立的柴油蜡沉积速率预测模型。指出加强对柴油结蜡机理的研究,建立柴油蜡沉积模型,定量表征后行汽油溶蜡后主要质量参数的变化规律,是成品油管道顺序输送的重要研究方向。通过对柴油蜡沉积研究进展的系统阐述,为将来深入开展相关研究提供了重要参考。(图1,参29)     

植保无人飞机作业参数对田外除草靶标区内外雾滴沉积规律的影响

雾滴大小、气象条件和施药装备的作业参数对雾滴的覆盖范围、靶标的吸附性能有影响。无人飞机(UAV)是目前有助于高效喷雾的现代施药技术装备。然而作业参数对靶标区和脱靶区的影响依然尚待确定。开展了田间试验并运用沉积扫描软件测定了在田外除草中不同飞行高度(2 m和3 m)和飞行速度(2 m/s和3 m/s)下雾滴的沉积量、覆盖密度、覆盖率和雾滴直径。结果表明,当无人飞机在处理T_1中以2 m/s速度、2 m高度飞行时,靶标区域平均沉积量最高,为2.29μL/cm~2,飞行航线中央0点位置的覆盖率达到36.19%。处理T_1、T_2、T_3和T_4在飞行航线中央的雾滴谱相对宽度分别为0.70、1.01、1.03、1.05。处理T_1体积中值直径(VMD,也即D_(v0.5))最大,为448.75μm;而处理T_4的D_(v0.5)最小,为238.95μm。单旋翼无人飞机在脱靶区的沉积量几乎可以忽略不计。本研究为无人飞机运营商、农民和生产企业提供了参考,从而优化航空植保技术在除草上的应用。     

新型复合氨基酸络合铁对肉鸡生产性能、血液指标和组织铁含量的影响

为探究肉鸡日粮中添加以两种氨基酸螯合成的新型复合氨基酸络合铁添加剂对肉鸡生长性能、器官指数、血液指标、组织抗氧化性能和铁含量的影响,选用960只1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡公雏,随机分为6个处理,每个处理8个重复,每个重复20只雏鸡。试验处理组分别在玉米-豆粕基础日粮中添加0、20、40、80及120mg/kg的新型复合氨基酸络合铁(ZprFe)和80mg/kg硫酸亚铁(FeSO_4)。结果表明:1)肉鸡日粮中添加ZprFe对肉鸡平均日采食量、平均日增重、料重比均无显著差异(P0.05)。2)日粮中添加ZprFe显著提高了肉鸡42日龄肝脏和脾脏指数(P0.05),且随着日粮中铁水平的添加呈线性和二次增加(P0.05)。3)添加ZprFe显著提高21日龄和42日龄血清铁含量(P0.05);显著降低21日龄血清总铁结合力(P0.05),但对42日龄血清总铁结合力无显著影响(P0.05)。添加ZprFe显著提高21日龄血清含锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD)活性和42日龄血清含铜与锌超氧化物歧化酶CuZn-SOD活性(P0.05)。4)添加ZprFe对肝脏总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)无显著影响(P0.05),但可显著提高胸肌T-SOD活性和T-AOC能力(P0.05)。添加ZprFe对肝脏铁含量影响显著,随着日粮中铁水平含量的增高,肝脏铁含量呈显著线性增加(P0.05)。综上,日粮中添加新型复合氨基酸络合铁ZprFe有利于肉鸡器官生长发育,提高肉鸡抗氧化性能和组织铁沉积,推荐在本研究条件下AA肉鸡日粮中添加ZprFe的适宜添加范围为40～80mg/kg,为实际生产提供理论依据。     

Adiponectin‐impaired adipocyte differentiation negatively regulates fat deposition in chicken

Adiponectin is a protein hormone secreted exclusively by adipocytes that plays an important role in the modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. To investigate the effect of adiponectin on lipid metabolism in chicken, rosiglitazone (agonist of adiponectin) and dexamethasone (inhibitor of adiponectin) were used to treat 23‐day‐old broilers in vivo. To verify the functionality of adiponectin on fat deposition, chicken pre‐adipocytes were cultured in the medium containing 10 μg/ml adiponectin. Serum adiponectin and lipids and fat distribution were analysed. Oil Red O staining was used to determine lipid deposition in adipocytes. The expression levels of adiponectin, adiponectin receptors (AdipoR) and lipid metabolism–related genes in different tissues and pre‐adipocytes were measured using real‐time PCR, and the abundance of lipid metabolism–related proteins was measured by Western blot. Rosiglitazone increased serum adiponectin concentration and the expression levels of adiponectin and adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) in tissues and significantly decreased levels of serum lipids and fat deposition. Rosiglitazone significantly increased the expression levels of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and AdipoR1 and decreased the expression levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS). Dexamethasone had the converse effects compared with rosiglitazone. Oil red O staining results showed a marked decrease in fat deposition in cells treated with adiponectin. In adipocytes, adiponectin could decrease the expression levels of CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α (C/EBPα) and FAS and increased the expression levels of ATGL and AdipoR1. These results indicate that adiponectin has a remarkable effect on impairment of adipocyte differentiation, which contributes to the negative regulation of fat deposition in chicken.